5-bromo-indirubins

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for treating cancer, FLT3-AML, and CML.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-provisional Application No. 14/659,286, filed Mar. 16, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/953,169, filed Mar. 14, 2014, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties and for all purposes.

REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK

The Sequence Listing written in file 48440-651C01US_ST25.TXT, created on Feb. 9, 2018, 28,358 bytes, machine format IBM-PC, MS-Windows operating system, is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cancer is a significant cause of death worldwide. In 2008, cancer accounted for an estimated 13% of worldwide deaths. Lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer are the most common forms of cancer in men and accounted for 40% of all cancers in men in 2008. Breast, colorectal, and cervical cancers made up more than 40% of all cancers in women in the same year. Overall, lung cancer is the most common cancer. Protein kinases are involved in many signal transduction and other cellular processes. Disregulation of kinase activity has been found to be associated with many forms of cancer.

FLT3-internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations in juxtamembrane domain are detected in approximately 25% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. In addition, point mutations are observed in approximately 5%-10% of AML patients. Among these point mutations, the FLT3-D835Y mutation is predominant. The ITD mutation constitutively activates FLT3 and is associated with poor outcomes and higher relapse rate of AML in patients. Thus, there is a need in the art for treatment options for AML patients with the FLT3 mutations, including FLT3-ITD mutant kinase mutations. Provided herein are solutions to these and other problems in the art.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, herein are provided, inter alia, methods for treating AML expressing FLT3-kinase and other cancers.

Provided herein are compositions having the formula:

In the compound of formula (III), R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, or unsubstituted alkyl. In the compound of formula (IV), R⁵¹ is hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NR^(51A)R^(51B), —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl, or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) are independently hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted (e.g. unsubstituted) alkyl (e.g. C₁-C₁₀ alkyl). In the compound of formula (V), R⁵² is halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, or unsubstituted alkyl. The symbols z1 and z2 are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. The compounds of formula (III), (IV), or (V) include pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In another aspect is a method of treating cancer by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having formula (III), (IV), or (V), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Also provided herein are methods of treating acute myeloid leukemia expressing FLT3-kinase in a subject in need thereof. In one aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (I), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable thereof. In another aspect, is the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (III), (IV), or (V), as described herein, including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable thereof. In yet another aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (1289), (5IN-6NC1), (5IN-1NH1), (5IN-6NNC6), (5IN-6NNC7), (5IN-1NH2), or (5IN-6NC2), including embodiments thereof.

Also provided herein are methods of treating acute myeloid leukemia expressing FLT3-mutant kinase, wherein the FLT3-mutant kinase is a FLT3-TKD mutant kinase as described herein in a subject in need thereof. In one aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (I), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In another aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (III), (IV), or (V) including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In yet another aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (1289), (5IN-6NC1), (5IN-1NH1), (5IN-6NNC6), (5IN-6NNC7), (5IN-1NH2), or (5IN-6NC2), including embodiments thereof.

Also provided herein are methods of treating acute myeloid leukemia expressing FLT3-mutant kinase, wherein the FLT3-mutant kinase is a FLT3-ITD mutant kinase as described herein in a subject in need thereof. In one aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (I), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In another aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (III), (IV), or (V) including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In yet another aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (1289), (5IN-6NC1), (5IN-1NH1), (5IN-6NNC6), (5IN-6NNC7), (5IN-1NH2), or (5IN-6NC2), including embodiments thereof.

Also provided herein are methods of treating acute lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), which expresses FLT3-kinase, in a subject in need thereof. In one aspect method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having formula (I) as described herein including embodiments thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In another aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having formula (III), (IV), or (V) as described herein including embodiments thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In yet another aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (1289), (5IN-6NC1), (5IN-1NH1), (5IN-6NNC6), (5IN-6NNC7), (5IN-1NH2), or (5IN-6NC2), including embodiments thereof.

Provided herein are methods of treating chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) expressing ABL1-kinase in a subject in need thereof. In one aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (I), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable thereof. In another aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (II), (III), or (IV), as described herein, including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable thereof. In yet another aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula 5IN-1NH1 or 5IN-1-NH1s as described herein, including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable thereof

Provided herein are methods of modulating activity of a FLT3-kinase. In one aspect, the method includes contacting a FLT3-kinase with a compound having formula (I), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In another aspect, the method includes contacting a FLT3-kinase with a compound having formula (III), (IV), or (V), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Provided herein are methods of modulating activity of a type III receptor tyrosine kinase. In one aspect, the method includes contacting a type III receptor tyrosine kinase with a compound having formula (I), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In another aspect, the method includes contacting a type III receptor tyrosine kinase with a compound having formula (III), (IV), or (V), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1B: IC₅₀ value determination for 50% inhibition of viability of solid tumor cells (melanoma and prostate cancer): FIG. 1A) A2058 melanoma cells exposed to varying concentrations of compounds 5IN-1NH1 and 5IN-1NH1s; IC₅₀ values 5IN-1NH1: 77.2 nM, 5IN-1NH1s: 88.9 nM; FIG. 1B) DU145 prostate cancer cells exposed to varying concentrations of compounds 5IN-1NH1 and 5IN-1NH1s; IC₅₀ values 5IN-1NH1: 35.7 nM, 5IN-1NH1s: 44.7 nM.

FIGS. 2A-2B: IC₅₀ value determination for 50% inhibition of viability of solid tumor cells (lung cancer and breast cancer): FIG. 2A) A549 lung cancer cells exposed to varying concentrations of compounds 5IN-1NH1 and 5IN-1NH1s; IC₅₀ values 5IN-1NH1: 66.5 nM, 5IN-1NH1s: 46.1 nM; FIG. 2B) MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells exposed to varying concentrations of compounds 5IN-1NH1 and 5IN-1NH1s; IC₅₀ values 5IN-1NH1: 49.5 nM, 5IN-1NH1s: 33 nM.

FIG. 3: IC₅₀ value determination for 50% inhibition of viability of solid tumor cells (ovarian cancer): SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells exposed to varying concentrations of compounds 5IN-1NH1 and 5IN-1NH1s; IC₅₀ values 5IN-1NH1: 174 nM, 5IN-1NH1s: 169.4 nM.

FIGS. 4A-4B: IC₅₀ value determination for 50% inhibition of viability of FLT3-ITD mutant kinase AML cells: FIG. 4A) MV4-11AML cells exposed to varying concentrations of compounds 5IN-1NH1 and 5IN-1NH1s; IC₅₀ values 5IN-1NH1: 7.8 nM, 5IN-1NH1s: 3.7 nM; FIG. 4B) MOLM13 AML cells exposed to varying concentrations of compounds 5IN-1NH1 and 5IN-1NH1s; IC₅₀ values 5IN-1NH1: 11.3 nM, 5IN-1NH1s: 7.5 nM.

FIGS. 5A-5B: Determination of IC₅₀ values of compounds for solid tumor and T315I ABL1 mutant CML cells: FIG. 5A) structure of exemplary compounds disclosed herein; FIG. 5B) IC₅₀ values for DU145 prostate cancer cells, A2058 melanoma cells, SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells, and T315I ABL1 mutant KCL22 CML cells for compounds 5IN-6NC1, 5IN-1NH1, 5IN-6NNC6, and 5IN-6NNC7.

FIGS. 6A-6B: Determination of IC₅₀ values of 5IN-1NH1 and 5IN-1NH1s using KCL22 and T315I ABL1 mutant KCL22 CML cells: FIG. 6A) KCL22 CML cells exposed to varying concentrations of compound 5IN-1NH1; IC₅₀ value: 57.4 nM, 5IN-1NH1s: IC₅₀ value: 72.8 nM; FIG. 6B) T315I ABL1 mutant KCL22 CML cells exposed to varying concentrations of compound 5IN-1NH1; IC₅₀ value: 52.3 nM, 5IN-1NH1s: IC₅₀ value 52.7 nM.

FIGS. 7A-7B: Effects on viability of solid tumor cells (melanoma and prostate cancer) for compounds 5IN-1NH2 and 5IN-6NC2: FIG. 7A) Effect of 5IN-1NH2 (0.25 uM and 1 uM concentrations) and 5IN-6NC2 (0.25 uM and 1 uM concentrations) on A2058 melanoma cells; FIG. 7B) Effect of 5IN-1NH2 (0.25 uM and 1 uM concentrations) and 5IN-6NC2 (0.25 uM and 1 uM concentrations) on DU145 prostate cancer cells.

FIG. 8: Compound (1289) [i.e., formula (1289)] inhibits viabilities of MV4-11 and MOLM13 AML cells that harbor an internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation.

FIGS. 9A-9C: Compound (1289) inhibits FLT3 (FIG. 9A), FLT3 (D835Y) mutant (FIG. 9C) and FLT3-ITD mutant (FIG. 9B) kinase activities in vitro.

FIGS. 10A-10B: Compound (1289) blocks phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and Erk1/2. FIG. 10A: MV4-11 AML cells; FIG. 10B: MOLM-13 AML cells.

FIGS. 11A-11B: FIG. 11A) Efficacy of compound (1289) on MV4-11 AML SQ xenografts in vivo as a function of time (days); FIG. 11B) Histogram depicting tumor weight (g) for vehicle (left column) and compound (1289) regimen (25 mg/kg).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The abbreviations used herein have their conventional meaning within the chemical and biological arts. The chemical structures and formulae set forth herein are constructed according to the standard rules of chemical valency known in the chemical arts.

Where substituent groups are specified by their conventional chemical formulae, written from left to right, they equally encompass the chemically identical substituents that would result from writing the structure from right to left, e.g., —CH₂O—is equivalent to —OCH₂—.

The term “alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight (i.e., unbranched) or branched carbon chain (or carbon), or combination thereof, which may be fully saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include di- and multivalent radicals, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e., C₁-C₁₀ means one to ten carbons). Alkyl is not cyclized. Examples of saturated hydrocarbon radicals include, but are not limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. An unsaturated alkyl group is one having one or more double bonds or triple bonds. Examples of unsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl, 3-(1,4-pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, 3-butyryl, and the higher homologs and isomers. An alkoxy is an alkyl attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen linker (—O—).

The term “alkylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—. Typically, an alkyl (or alkylene) group will have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those groups having 10 or fewer carbon atoms being preferred in the present invention. A “lower alkyl” or “lower alkylene” is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group, generally having eight or fewer carbon atoms. The term “alkenylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkene.

The term “heteroalkyl,” by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain, or combinations thereof, including at least one carbon atom and at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, P, Si, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. The heteroatom(s) O, N, P, S, and Si may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group or at the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Heteroalkyl is not cyclized. Examples include, but are not limited to: —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—N(CH₃)—CH₃, —CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂, —S(O)—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₃, —CH═CH—O—CH₃, —Si(CH₃)₃, —CH₂—CH═N—OCH₃, —CH═CH—N(CH₃)—CH₃, —O—CH₃, —O—CH₂—CH₃, and —CN. Up to two or three heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, —CH₂—NH—OCH₃ and —CH₂—O—Si(CH₃)₃.

Similarly, the term “heteroalkylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, —CH₂—CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂— and —CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₂—. For heteroalkylene groups, heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini (e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, and the like). Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linking groups, no orientation of the linking group is implied by the direction in which the formula of the linking group is written. For example, the formula —C(O)₂R′— represents both —C(O)₂R′— and —R′C(O)₂—. As described above, heteroalkyl groups, as used herein, include those groups that are attached to the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom, such as —C(O)R′, —C(O)NR′, —NR′R″, —OR′, —SR′, and/or —SO₂R′. Where “heteroalkyl” is recited, followed by recitations of specific heteroalkyl groups, such as —NR′R″ or the like, it will be understood that the terms heteroalkyl and —NR′R″ are not redundant or mutually exclusive. Rather, the specific heteroalkyl groups are recited to add clarity. Thus, the term “heteroalkyl” should not be interpreted herein as excluding specific heteroalkyl groups, such as —NR′R″ or the like.

The terms “cycloalkyl” and “heterocycloalkyl,” by themselves or in combination with other terms, mean, unless otherwise stated, cyclic versions of “alkyl” and “heteroalkyl,” respectively. Additionally, for heterocycloalkyl, a heteroatom can occupy the position at which the heterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Cycloalkyl and heteroalkyl are non-aromatic rings. Examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and the like. Examples of heterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, 1-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl, tetrahydrothien-3-yl, 1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like. A “cycloalkylene” and a “heterocycloalkylene,” alone or as part of another substituent, means a divalent radical derived from a cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl, respectively.

The terms “halo” or “halogen,” by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl” are meant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term “halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl” includes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, and the like.

The term “acyl” means, unless otherwise stated, —C(O)R where R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

The term “aryl” means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated, aromatic, hydrocarbon substituent, which can be a single ring or multiple rings (preferably from 1 to 3 rings) that are fused together (i.e., a fused ring aryl) or linked covalently. A fused ring aryl refers to multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is an aryl ring. The term “heteroaryl” refers to aryl groups (or rings) that contain at least one heteroatom such as N, O, or S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized. Thus, the term “heteroaryl” includes fused ring heteroaryl groups (i.e., multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is a heteroaromatic ring).

A 5,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 5 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. Likewise, a 6,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. And a 6,5-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 5 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. A heteroaryl group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon or heteroatom. Non-limiting examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl, 1-isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl, 3-quinolyl, and 6-quinolyl. Substituents for each of the above noted aryl and heteroaryl ring systems are selected from the group of acceptable substituents described below. An “arylene” and a “heteroarylene,” alone or as part of another substituent, mean a divalent radical derived from an aryl and heteroaryl, respectively. Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, indolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxanyl, thianaphthanyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, indazolyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridopyrazinyl, quinazolinonyl, benzoisoxazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, furylthienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, benzothiazolyl, purinyl, benzimidazolyl, isoquinolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyrrolyl, diazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl, or quinolyl. The examples above may be substituted or unsubstituted and divalent radicals of each heteroaryl example above are non-limiting examples of heteroarylene.

A fused ring heterocyloalkyl-aryl is an aryl fused to a heterocycloalkyl. A fused ring heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl is a heteroaryl fused to a heterocycloalkyl. A fused ring heterocycloalkyl-cycloalkyl is a heterocycloalkyl fused to a cycloalkyl. A fused ring heterocycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl is a heterocycloalkyl fused to another heterocycloalkyl. Fused ring heterocycloalkyl-aryl, fused ring heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl, fused ring heterocycloalkyl-cycloalkyl, or fused ring heterocycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl may each independently be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the substituents described herein.

The term “oxo,” as used herein, means an oxygen that is double bonded to a carbon atom.

The term “alkylsulfonyl,” as used herein, means a moiety having the formula —S(O₂)-R′, where R′ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group as defined above. R′ may have a specified number of carbons (e.g., “C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl”).

Each of the above terms (e.g., “alkyl,” “heteroalkyl,” “aryl,” and “heteroaryl”) includes both substituted and unsubstituted forms of the indicated radical. Preferred substituents for each type of radical are provided below.

Substituents for the alkyl and heteroalkyl radicals (including those groups often referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, heteroalkylene, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl) can be one or more of a variety of groups selected from, but not limited to, —OR′, ═O, ═NR′, ═N—OR′, —NR′R —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO₂R′, —CONR′R″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′, —NR″—C(O)NR″R′″, —NR″C(O)₂R′, —NR—C(NR′R″R′″)═NR″″, —NR—C(NR′R″)═NR′″, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NRSO₂R′, —NR′NR″R′″, —ONR′R″, —NR′C═(O)NR″NR′″R″″, —CN, —NO₂, in a number ranging from zero to (2m′+1), where m′ is the total number of carbon atoms in such radical. R, R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ each preferably independently refer to hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens), substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups. When a compound of the invention includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ group when more than one of these groups is present. When R′ and R″ are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring. For example, —NR′R″ includes, but is not limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl.

Similar to the substituents described for the alkyl radical, substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups are varied and are selected from, for example: —OR′, —NR′R″, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO₂R′, —CONR′R″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, —NR″C(O)₂R′, —NR—C(NR′R″R′″)═NR′″, —NR—C(NR′R″)═NR′″, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NRSO₂R′, —NR′NR″R′″, —ONR′R″, —NR′C═(O)NR″NR′″R″″, —CN, —NO₂, —R′, —N₃, —CH(Ph)₂, fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkyl, in a number ranging from zero to the total number of open valences on the aromatic ring system; and where R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. When a compound of the invention includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ groups when more than one of these groups is present.

Two or more substituents may optionally be joined to form aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl groups. Such so-called ring-forming substituents are typically, though not necessarily, found attached to a cyclic base structure. In one embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to adjacent members of the base structure. For example, two ring-forming substituents attached to adjacent members of a cyclic base structure create a fused ring structure. In another embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to a single member of the base structure. For example, two ring-forming substituents attached to a single member of a cyclic base structure create a spirocyclic structure. In yet another embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to non-adjacent members of the base structure.

Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally form a ring of the formula —T—C(O)—(CRR′)_(q)—U—, wherein T and U are independently —NR—, —O—, —CRR′—, or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 3. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula —A—(CH₂)_(r)—B—, wherein A and B are independently —CRR′—, —O—, —NR—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR′—, or a single bond, and r is an integer of from 1 to 4. One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed may optionally be replaced with a double bond. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula —(CRR′)_(s)—X′—(C″R″R′″)_(d)—, where s and d are independently integers of from 0 to 3, and X′ is —O—, —NR′—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —S(O)₂NR′—. The substituents R, R′, R″, and R′″ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

As used herein, the terms “heteroatom” or “ring heteroatom” are meant to include, oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and silicon (Si).

A “substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from the following moieties:

-   -   (A) oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂,         —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂,         —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂,         unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted         cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl,         unsubstituted heteroaryl, and     -   (B) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent selected         from:         -   (i) oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂,             —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂,             —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH,             —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted             heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted             heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted             heteroaryl, and         -   (ii) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,             and heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent             selected from:             -   (a) oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂,                 —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂,                 —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH,                 —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted                 heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted                 heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted                 heteroaryl, and             -   (b) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,                 aryl, or heteroaryl, substituted with at least one                 substituent selected from: oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH,                 —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H,                 —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂,                 —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂,                 unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl,                 unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted                 heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted                 heteroaryl.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” is meant to include salts of the active compounds that are prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substituents found on the compounds described herein. When compounds of the present invention contain relatively acidic functionalities, base addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino, or magnesium salt, or a similar salt. When compounds of the present invention contain relatively basic functionalities, acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, as well as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids like acetic, propionic, isobutyric, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric, methanesulfonic, and the like. Also included are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, e.g., Berge et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 66:1-19 (1977)). Certain specific compounds of the present invention contain both basic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into either base or acid addition salts. Other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers known to those of skill in the art are suitable for the present invention. Salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous or other protonic solvents that are the corresponding free base forms. In other cases, the preparation may be a lyophilized powder in 1 mM-50 mM histidine, 0.1%-2% sucrose, 2%-7% mannitol at a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5, that is combined with buffer prior to use.

Thus, the compounds of the present invention may exist as salts, such as with pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The present invention includes such salts. Examples of such salts include hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, sulfates, methanesulfonates, nitrates, maleates, acetates, citrates, fumarates, tartrates (e.g., (+)-tartrates, (−)-tartrates, or mixtures thereof including racemic mixtures), succinates, benzoates, and salts with amino acids such as glutamic acid. These salts may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art.

The neutral forms of the compounds are preferably regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in the conventional manner. The parent form of the compound differs from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents.

In addition to salt forms, the present invention provides compounds, which are in a prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compounds of the present invention. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to the compounds of the present invention by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to the compounds of the present invention when placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent.

Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.

As used herein, the term “salt” refers to acid or base salts of the compounds used in the methods of the present invention. Illustrative examples of acceptable salts are mineral acid (hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, and the like) salts, organic acid (acetic acid, propionic acid, glutamic acid, citric acid and the like) salts, quaternary ammonium (methyl iodide, ethyl iodide, and the like) salts.

Certain compounds of the present invention possess asymmetric carbon atoms (optical or chiral centers) or double bonds; the enantiomers, racemates, diastereomers, tautomers, geometric isomers, stereoisometric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)-or (S)- or, as (D)- or (L)-for amino acids, and individual isomers are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. The compounds of the present invention do not include those which are known in art to be too unstable to synthesize and/or isolate. The present invention is meant to include compounds in racemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (R)- and (S)-, or (D)- and (L)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. When the compounds described herein contain olefinic bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers.

As used herein, the term “isomers” refers to compounds having the same number and kind of atoms, and hence the same molecular weight, but differing in respect to the structural arrangement or configuration of the atoms.

The term “tautomer,” as used herein, refers to one of two or more structural isomers which exist in equilibrium and which are readily converted from one isomeric form to another.

It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that certain compounds of this invention may exist in tautomeric forms, all such tautomeric forms of the compounds being within the scope of the invention.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by ¹³C— or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

The compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds. For example, the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium (³H), iodine-125 (¹²⁵I), or carbon-14 (¹⁴C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.

The symbol “

” denotes the point of attachment of a chemical moiety to the remainder of a molecule or chemical formula.

The terms “a” or “an,” as used in herein means one or more. In addition, the phrase “substituted with a[n],” as used herein, means the specified group may be substituted with one or more of any or all of the named substituents. For example, where a group, such as an alkyl or heteroaryl group, is “substituted with an unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl,” the group may contain one or more unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyls, and/or one or more unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyls. Moreover, where a moiety is substituted with an R substituent, the group may be referred to as “R-substituted.” Where a moiety is R-substituted, the moiety is substituted with at least one R substituent and each R substituent is optionally different.

Description of compounds of the present invention are limited by principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, where a group may be substituted by one or more of a number of substituents, such substitutions are selected so as to comply with principles of chemical bonding and to give compounds which are not inherently unstable and/or would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art as likely to be unstable under ambient conditions, such as aqueous, neutral, and several known physiological conditions. For example, a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a ring heteroatom in compliance with principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art thereby avoiding inherently unstable compounds.

The terms “treating” or “treatment” refers to any indicia of success in the treatment or amelioration of an injury, disease, pathology or condition, including any objective or subjective parameter such as abatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or making the injury, pathology or condition more tolerable to the patient; slowing in the rate of degeneration or decline; making the final point of degeneration less debilitating; improving a patient's physical or mental well-being. The treatment or amelioration of symptoms can be based on objective or subjective parameters;

including the results of a physical examination, neuropsychiatric exams, and/or a psychiatric evaluation. For example, the certain methods presented herein successfully treat cancer by decreasing the incidence of cancer and or causing remission of cancer. The term “treating,” and conjugations thereof, include prevention of an injury, pathology, condition, or disease.

A “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” is an amount sufficient for a compound to accomplish a stated purpose relative to the absence of the compound (e.g. achieve the effect for which it is administered, treat a disease, reduce enzyme activity, reduce a signaling pathway, or reduce one or more symptoms of a disease or condition). An example of an “effective amount” is an amount sufficient to contribute to the treatment, prevention, or reduction of a symptom or symptoms of a disease, which could also be referred to as a “therapeutically effective amount.” A “reduction” of a symptom or symptoms (and grammatical equivalents of this phrase) means decreasing of the severity or frequency of the symptom(s), or elimination of the symptom(s). The exact amounts will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (vols. 1-3, 1992); Lloyd, The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding (1999); Pickar, Dosage Calculations (1999); and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, 2003, Gennaro, Ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins).

“Control” or “control experiment” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to an experiment in which the subjects or reagents of the experiment are treated as in a parallel experiment except for omission of a procedure, reagent, or variable of the experiment. In some instances, the control is used as a standard of comparison in evaluating experimental effects. In some embodiments, a control is the measurement of the activity of a protein in the absence of a compound as described herein (including embodiments and examples).

“Contacting” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to the process of allowing at least two distinct species (e.g. chemical compounds including biomolecules or cells) to become sufficiently proximal to react, interact or physically touch. It should be appreciated; however, the resulting reaction product can be produced directly from a reaction between the added reagents or from an intermediate from one or more of the added reagents which can be produced in the reaction mixture.

The term “contacting” may include allowing two species to react, interact, or physically touch, wherein the two species may be a compound as described herein and a protein or kinase (e.g. FLT3). In embodiments contacting includes allowing a compound described herein to interact with a protein or enzyme that is involved in a signaling pathway (e.g. STAT pathway).

The term “modulation”, “modulate”, or “modulating” are used in accordance with their plain ordinary meaning and refer to the act of changing or varying one or more properties. For example, modulating may refer to decreasing the level of a target molecule or the function of a target molecule (e.g. a target may be a kinase (e.g. FLT3) and the function may be to phosphorylate a molecule or the target may be a kinase and the function may be the function of a downstream signaling pathway including a STAT, STAT3, or STAT5).

The terms “FLT3-kinase” or “FLT3” are used interchangeably herein and according to their common, ordinary meaning and refer to proteins of the same or similar names, homologs, isoforms, and functional fragments thereof, so long as such fragments retain FLT3 (e.g. fms-like tyrosine kinase 3) activity. The term includes any recombinant or naturally-occurring form of FLT3 (e.g. GI: 121114304: SEQ ID NO:1), FLT3 preprotein, FLT3 truncation, FLT3 domain (e.g. juxtamembrane domain, activation loop, transmembrane domain, or kinase domain), post-translationally modified FLT3, or variants thereof that maintain FLT3 activity (e.g. within at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% activity compared to FLT3). A “FLT3-wild type kinase” as used herein refers to a full-length or functional fragment (e.g. at least 50 contiguous amino acids in length) of FLT3 having sequence identity (e.g. 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) to SEQ ID NO:1, that has FLT3 activity. FLT3-kinase is found in certain subtypes of AML and ALL as described herein and may include at least one mutation as described herein.

Sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1: MPALARDGGQ LPLLVVFSAM IFGTITNQDL PVIKCVLINH KNNDSSVGKS SSYPMVSESP EDLGCALRPQ SSGTVYEAAA VEVDVSASIT LQVLVDAPGN ISCLWVFKHS SLNCQPHFDL QNRGVVSMVI LKMTETQAGE YLLFIQSEAT NYTILFTVSI RNTLLYTLRR PYFRKMENQD ALVCISESVP EPIVEWVLCD SQGESCKEES PAVVKKEEKV LHELFGTDIR CCARNELGRE CTRLFTIDLN QTPQTTLPQL FLKVGEPLWI RCKAVHVNHG  FGLTWELENK ALEEGNYFEM STYSTNRTMI RILFAFVSSV ARNDTGYYTC SSSKHPSQSA LVTIVEKGFI NATNSSEDYE IDQYEEFCFS VRFKAYPQIR CTWTFSRKSF PCEQKGLDNG  YSISKFCNHK HQPGEYIFHA ENDDAQFTKM FTLNIRRKPQ VLAEASASQA SCFSDGYPLP SWTWKKCSDK SPNCTEEITE GVWNRKANRK VFGQWVSSST LNMSEAIKGF LVKCCAYNSL GTSCETILLN SPGPFPFIQD NISFYATIGV CLLFIVVLTL LICHKYKKQF RYESQLQMVQ VTGSSDNEYF YVDFREYEYD LKWEFPRENL EFGKVLGSGA FGKVMNATAY GISKTGVSIQ VAVKMLKEKA DSSEREALMS ELKMMTQLGS HENIVNLLGA CTLSGPIYLI FEYCCYGDLL NYLRSKREKF HRTWTEIFKE HNFSFYPTFQ SHPNSSMPGS REVQIHPDSD QISGLHGNSF HSEDEIEYEN QKRLEEEEDL NVLTFEDLLC FAYQVAKGME FLEFKSCVHR DLAARNVLVT HGKVVKICDF GLAR DIM S DS   NY VVRGNARL PVKWMAPESL FEGIYTIKSD VWSYGILLWE IFSLGVNPYP GIPVDANFYK LIQNGFKMDQ PFYATEEIYI IMQSCWAFDS RKRPSFPNLT SFLGCQLADA EEAMYQNVDG RVSECPHTYQ NRRPFSREMD LGLLSPQAQV EDS. 

A “FLT3-mutant kinase” as used herein refers to a FLT3-kinase, or functional fragments and homologs thereof, having an amino acid mutation in SEQ ID NO:1. A FLT3-mutant kinase as used herein, refers to a FLT3-mutant kinase found in AML or ALL as described herein, including embodiments thereof. Mutations to FLT3-kinase include addition or deletion of an amino acid or substitution of an amino acid such that the FLT3-mutant kinase retains FLT3 activity. For example, a FLT3-mutant kinase may have a point mutation within SEQ ID NO:1. The point mutation may be located in the FLT3 activation loop (e.g. residues between about 604 to about 690 of SEQ ID NO:1). Griffith, Mol Cell, 13, 169-178, 2004; Smith, Blood, 2013 Apr 18;121(16):3165-71. A FLT3-mutant kinase may have a point mutation located in the tyrosine kinase domain (“TKD”) (e.g. residues between about 610 to about 943) herein referred to as a FLT3-TKD mutant kinase. A FLT3-TKD mutant does not have an ITD mutation as described herein. A FLT3-TKD mutant kinase is typically constitutively active in the presence or absence of ligand.

Point mutations in a FLT3-TKD mutant kinase include, for example, mutation of residues corresponding to D835, I836, D839, S840, N841, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1. Accordingly, a FLT3-mutant kinase may have a D835Aaa1 mutation, where Aaa1 is an amino acid other than Asp. Aaa1 may be His, Asn, Gly, Pro, Tyr, Ala, Val, or Glu. Aaa1 may be Tyr. In embodiments, a FLT3-mutant kinase may have a I836Aaa2 mutation, where Aaa2 is an amino acid other than Ile. Aaa2 may be Leu or Met. In embodiments, a FLT3-mutant kinase may have a D839Aaa3 mutation, where Aaa3 is an amino acid other than Asp. Aaa3 may be Gly. In embodiments, a FLT3-mutant kinase may have a S840Aaa4 mutation, where Aaa4 is an amino acid other than Ser. Aaa4 may be Gly. In embodiments, a FLT3-mutant kinase may have a N841Aaa5 mutation, where Aaa5 is an amino acid other than Asn. Aaa5 may be Ile, Lys, or Tyr. In embodiments, a FLT3-mutant kinase may have a Y842Aaa6 mutation, where Aaa6 is an amino acid other than Tyr. Aaa6 may be Cys or His.

A FLT3-mutant kinase may be characterized as a FLT3-kinase having a FLT3-internal tandem duplication mutation (“ITD”). The terms “FLT3-internal tandem duplication mutant kinase” or “FLT3-ITD mutant kinase” refer to in-frame internal sequence duplications of the juxtamembrane domain (e.g. residues between about 572 and about 603 in SEQ ID NO:1) which typically result in constitutive activation of FLT3. A FLT3-ITD mutant kinase may optionally have a mutation outside the ITD (e.g. a mutation within the tyrosine kinase domain). In embodiments, a FLT3-ITD having a mutation outside the ITD is referred to as a FLT3-ITD-TKD mutant kinase.

The terms “ABL1-kinase” or “ABL1” are used interchangeably herein and according to their common, ordinary meaning and refer to proteins of the same or similar names, homologs, isoforms, and functional fragments thereof, so long as such fragments retain ABL1-kinase (e.g. Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1) activity. The term includes any recombinant or naturally-occurring form of ABL1-kinase (e.g. GI: 85681908: SEQ ID NO:2), ABL1-kinase preprotein, ABL1-kinase truncation, ABL1-kinase domain, ABL1-kinase translocation, post-translationally modified ABL1-kinase, ABL1-kinase domain (e.g. P-loop, kinase domain, or A-loop), or variants thereof that maintain ABL1-kinase activity (e.g. within at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% activity compared to ABL1-kinase). An “ABL1-wild type kinase” as used herein refers to a full-length or functional fragment (e.g. about 50 contiguous amino acids) of ABL1-kinase having sequence identity (e.g. at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%) to SEQ ID NO:2, that has ABL1-kinase activity. ABL1-kinase is found in certain subtypes of CML as described herein and may include at least one mutation as described herein.

Sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2:  MLEICLKLVGCKSKKGLSSSSSCYLEEALQRPVASDFEPQGLSEAARWNS KENLLAGPSENDPNLFVALYDFVASGDNTLSITKGEKLRVLGYNHNGEWC EAQTKNGQGWVPSNYITPVNSLEKHSWYHGPVSRNAAEYLLSSGINGSFL VRESESSPGQRSISLRYEGRVYHYRINTASDGKLYVSSESRFNTLAELVH HHSTVADGLITTLHYPAPKRNKPTVYGVSPNYDKWEMERTDITMKHKLGG GQYGEVYEGVWKKYSLTVAVKTLKEDTMEVEEFLKEAAVMKEIKHPNLVQ LLGVCTREPPFYIITEFMTYGNLLDYLRECNRQEVNAVVLLYMATQISSA MEYLEKKNFIHRDLAARNCLVGENHLVKVADFGLSRLMTGDTYTAHAGAK FPIKWTAPESLAYNKFSIKSDVWAFGVLLWEIATYGMSPYPGIDLSQVYE LLEKDYRMERPEGCPEKVYELMRACWQWNPSDRPSFAEIHQAFETMFQES SISDEVEKELGKQGVRGAVSTLLQAPELPTKTRTSRRAAEHRDTTDVPEM PHSKGQGESDPLDHEPAVSPLLPRKERGPPEGGLNEDERLLPKDKKTNLF SALIKKKKKTAPTPPKRSSSFREMDGQPERRGAGEEEGRDISNGALAFTP LDTADPAKSPKPSNGAGVPNGALRESGGSGFRSPHLWKKSSTLTSSRLAT GEEEGGGSSSKRFLRSCSASCVPHGAKDTEWRSVTLPRDLQSTGRQFDSS TFGGHKSEKPALPRKRAGENRSDQVTRGTVTPPPRLVKKNEEAADEVFKD IMESSPGSSPPNLTPKPLRRQVTVAPASGLPHKEEAGKGSALGTPAAAEP VTPTSKAGSGAPGGTSKGPAEESRVRRHKHSSESPGRDKGKLSRLKPAPP PPPAASAGKAGGKPSQSPSQEAAGEAVLGAKTKATSLVDAVNSDAAKPSQ PGEGLKKPVLPATPKPQSAKPSGTPISPAPVPSTLPSASSALAGDQPSST AFIPLISTRVSLRKTRQPPERIASGAITKGVVLDSTEALCLAISRNSEQM ASHSAVLEAGKNLYTFCVSYVDSIQQMRNKFAFREAINKLENNLRELQIC PATAGSGPAATQDFSKLLSSVKEISDIVQR.

An “ABL1-mutant kinase” as used herein refers to a ABL1-kinase, or functional fragments and homologs thereof, having an amino acid mutation in SEQ ID NO:2 or a translocation as described herein. ABL1-mutant kinase refers to a kinase found in CML as described herein, including embodiments thereof. Mutations to an ABL1-mutant kinase include addition or deletion of an amino acid or substitution of an amino acid such that the kinase retains its activity. For example, an ABL1-mutant kinase may have at least one point mutation within SEQ ID NO:2 as described below. In embodiments, the ABL1-mutant kinase is a “BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase”. A BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase as used herein refers to an ABL1-kinase derived from a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 resulting in a fusion protein between BCR and ABL1. (SEQ ID NO:3). In embodiments, the BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase has at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% to SEQ ID NO:3. In embodiments, the BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase is derived from the ABL1 translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11) with BCR. Mutations of a BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase include addition or deletion of an amino acid or substitution of an amino acid such that the kinase retains its activity. For example, an BCR-ABL1-mutant kinase may have a point mutation within SEQ ID NO:3. In embodiments, the mutation may be located in a domain of the BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase (e.g. P-loop, kinase domain, or A-loop). In embodiments the point mutation may be located in at an amino acid position corresponding to Y253, E255, V268, V270, T272, Y274, D276, T277, M278, E282, F283, A288, M290, K291, E292, I293, P296, L298, V299, Q300, G303, V304, C305, T306, F311, I314, T315, E316, F317, M318, Y320, G321, D325, Y326, L327, R328, E329, Q333, E334, A337, V339, L342, M343, A344, I347, A350, M351, E352, E355, K357, N358, F359, 1360, L364, E373, N374, K378, V379, A380, D381, F382, T389, T392, T394, A395, H396, A399, P402, or T406 of SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3.

Sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3:  MLEICLKLVGCKSKKGLSSSSSCYLEEALQRPVASDFEPQGLSEAARWNS KENLLAGPSENDPNLFVALYDFVASGDNTLSITKGEKLRVLGYNHNGEWC EAQTKNGQGWVPSNYITPVNSLEKHSWYHGPVSRNAAEYPLSSGINGSFL VRESESSPSQRSISLRYEGRVYHYRINTASDGKLYVSSESRFNTLAELVH HHSTVADGLITTLHYPAPKRNKPTVYGVSPNYDKWEMERTDITMKHKLGG GQYGEVYEGVWKKYSLTVAVKTLKEDTMEVEEFLKEAAVMKEIKHPNLVQ LLGVCTREPPFYIITEFMTYGNLLDYLRECNRQEVNAVVLLYMATQISSA MEYLEKKNFIHRDLAARNCLVGENHLVKVADFGLSRLMTGDTYTAHAGAK FPIKWTAPESLAYNKFSIKSDVWAFGVLLWEIATYGMSPYPGIDRSQVYE LLEKDYRMKRPEGCPEKVYELMRACWQWNPSDRPSFAEIHQAFETMFQES SISDEVEKELGKQGVRGAVTTLLQAPELPTKTRTSRRAAEHRDTTDVPEM PHSKGQGESDPLDHEPAVSPLLPRKERGPPEGGLNEDERLLPKDKKTNLF SALIKKKKKTAPTPPKRSSSFREMDGQPERRGAGEEEGRDISNGALAFTP LDTADPAKSPKPSNGAGVPNGALRESGGSGFRSPHLWKKSSTLTSSRLAT GEEEGGGSSSKRFLRSCSVSCVPHGAKDTEWRSVTLPRDLQSTGRQFDSS TFGGHKSEKPALPRKRAGENRSDQVTRGTVTPPPRLVKKNEEAADEVFKD IMESSPGSSPPNLTPKPLRRQVTVAPASGLPHKEEAWKGSALGTPAAAEP VTPTSKAGSGAPRGTSKGPAEESRVRRHKHSSESPGRDKGKLSKLKPAPP PPPAASAGKAGGKPSQRPGQEAAGEAVLGAKTKATSLVDAVNSDAAKPSQ PAEGLKKPVLPATPKPHPAKPSGTPISPAPVPLSTLPSASSALAGDQPSS TAFIPLISTRVSLRKTRQPPERASGAITKGVVLDSTEALCLAISGNSEQM ASHSAVLEAGKNLYTFCVSYVDSIQQMRNKFAFREAINKLENNLRELQIC PASAGSGPAATQDFSKLLSSVKEISDIVQR.

The terms “numbered with reference to” or “corresponding to,” when used in the context of the numbering of a given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence, refers to the numbering of the residues of a specified reference sequence when the given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence is compared to the reference sequence.

As defined herein, the term “inhibition”, “inhibit”, “inhibiting” and the like in reference to a protein-inhibitor interaction means negatively affecting (e.g. decreasing) the activity or function of the protein relative to the activity or function of the protein in the absence of the inhibitor. In some embodiments inhibition refers to reduction of a disease or symptoms of disease. In some embodiments, inhibition refers to a reduction in the activity of a particular protein or nucleic acid target. Thus, inhibition includes, at least in part, partially or totally blocking stimulation, decreasing, preventing, or delaying activation, or inactivating, desensitizing, or down-regulating signal transduction or enzymatic activity or the amount of a protein.

The phrase “tyrosine kinase-inhibitor resistant” when used in relation to a tyrosine kinase, refers to resistance of a tyrosine kinase such as FLT3-kinase (e.g. a FLT3-mutant kinase including FLT3-TKD mutant kinase or FLT3-ITD mutant kinase) or an ABL1-kinase (e.g. an ABL1-mutant kinase or BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase) to at least one tyrosine kinase inhibitor (e.g. a compound, polypeptide, amino acid, polynucleotide, nucleic acid, or antibody) intended to inhibit the activity or expression of the kinase (e.g. FLT3). When used with respect to cancers, the phrase refers to a cancer (e.g. AML, CML, or ALL) which is resistant to at least one tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in treatment. Thus, a tyrosine kinase-inhibitor resistant cancer as used herein may be a cancer that expresses or is caused at least in part by expression of a tyrosine kinase (e.g. a FLT3-mutant kinase, ABL1-mutant kinase or BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase as discussed herein) that is resistant to a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. In embodiments, the term refers to a tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor resistant AML. In embodiments, the term refers to a tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor resistant CML. In embodiments, the term refers to a tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor resistant ALL. Non-limiting examples of tyrosine kinase inhibitors include ABT-869, AG1295, AG1296, AGL2043, AS602868, sorafenib, lestaurtinib, AC220, TKI258, D64406, FI-700, Go6976, GTP-14564, Herbimycin A, IMC-EB10, IMC-NC7, Ki23819, KRN383, KW-2449, LS-104, MLN518, NVP-AST487, PKC412, SU5416, SU5614, sunitinib, imatinib (e.g. GLEEVEC®), dasatinib, CEP-701, or CGP-52421.

“AC220” or “Quizartinib” are used interchangeably and refer to their common and ordinary meaning as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Thus, an “AC220 drug resistant” kinase refers to a kinase having a mutation (e.g. a mutation of FLT3-kinase) that has sufficient activity in the presence of AC220 to impart cancer resistance. In embodiments, the AC220 drug resistant kinase is a AC220 drug resistant FLT3-mutant kinase (e.g. FLT3-TKD mutant kinase or FLT3-ITD mutant kinase). In embodiments, the AC220 drug resistant kinase is a FLT3-ITD mutant kinase as described herein and optionally includes at least one point mutation. The point mutation may be a mutation at residue corresponding to residues D835, I836, D839, S840, N841, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein.

“Patient,” “subject,” “patient in need thereof,” and “subject in need thereof” are herein used interchangeably and refer to a living organism suffering from or prone to a disease or condition that can be treated by administration of a pharmaceutical composition as provided herein. Non-limiting examples include humans, other mammals, bovines, rats, mice, dogs, monkeys, goat, sheep, cows, deer, and other non-mammalian animals. In some embodiments, a patient is human.

“Disease” or “condition” refer to a state of being or health status of a patient or subject capable of being treated with a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or method provided herein. Examples contemplated herein of diseases, disorders, or conditions include, but are not limited to, cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, sarcoma, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, myeloma, thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, metastatic cancer, or carcinoma. In some instances, “disease” or “condition” refers to cancer. In some further instances, “cancer” refers to human cancers and carcinomas, sarcomas, adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, etc., including solid and lymphoid cancers, kidney, breast, lung, bladder, colon, ovarian, prostate, pancreas, stomach, brain, head and neck, skin, uterine, testicular, glioma, esophagus, liver cancer, including hepatocarcinoma, lymphoma, including B-acute lymphoblastic lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (e.g., Burkitt's, Small Cell, and Large Cell lymphomas), Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia (including AML, ALL, and CML), and/or multiple myeloma. In embodiments, the disease is AML. The AML may be AML expressing FLT3-mutant kinase, or AML having increased signal transduction activity in pathways involving a FLT3, a STAT, STAT3, or STAT5).

As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to all types of cancer, neoplasm or malignant tumors found in mammals, including leukemia, lymphoma, carcinomas and sarcomas. Exemplary cancers that may be treated with a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or method provided herein include lymphoma, sarcoma, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain tumor, cervical cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, myeloma, thyroid cancer, leukemia, prostate cancer, breast cancer (e.g. ER positive, ER negative, chemotherapy resistant, herceptin resistant, HER2 positive, doxorubicin resistant, tamoxifen resistant, ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, primary, metastatic), ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma), lung cancer (e.g. non-small cell lung carcinoma, squamous cell lung carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, carcinoid, sarcoma), glioblastoma multiforme, glioma, or melanoma. Additional examples include, cancer of the thyroid, endocrine system, brain, breast, cervix, colon, head & neck, liver, kidney, lung, non-small cell lung, melanoma, mesothelioma, ovary, sarcoma, stomach, uterus or Medulloblastoma, Hodgkin's Disease, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, ovarian cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia, primary brain tumors, cancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignant carcinoid, urinary bladder cancer, premalignant skin lesions, testicular cancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, esophageal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, endometrial cancer, adrenal cortical cancer, neoplasms of the endocrine or exocrine pancreas, medullary thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, melanoma, colorectal cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, Paget's Disease of the Nipple, Phyllodes Tumors, Lobular Carcinoma, Ductal Carcinoma, cancer of the pancreatic stellate cells, cancer of the hepatic stellate cells, or prostate cancer.

The term “leukemia” refers broadly to progressive, malignant diseases of the blood-forming organs and is generally characterized by a distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemia is generally clinically classified on the basis of (1) the duration and character of the disease-acute or chronic; (2) the type of cell involved; myeloid (myelogenous), lymphoid (lymphogenous), or monocytic; and (3) the increase or non-increase in the number abnormal cells in the blood-leukemic or aleukemic (subleukemic). Exemplary leukemias that may be treated with a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or method provided herein include, for example, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, adult T-cell leukemia, aleukemic leukemia, a leukocythemic leukemia, basophylic leukemia, blast cell leukemia, bovine leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, leukemia cutis, embryonal leukemia, eosinophilic leukemia, Gross' leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia, hemoblastic leukemia, hemocytoblastic leukemia, histiocytic leukemia, stem cell leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, leukopenic leukemia, lymphatic leukemia, lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, lymphogenous leukemia, lymphoid leukemia, lymphosarcoma cell leukemia, mast cell leukemia, megakaryocytic leukemia, micromyeloblastic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, myeloblastic leukemia, myelocytic leukemia, myeloid granulocytic leukemia, myelomonocytic leukemia, Naegeli leukemia, plasma cell leukemia, multiple myeloma, plasmacytic leukemia, promyelocytic leukemia, Rieder cell leukemia, Schilling's leukemia, stem cell leukemia, subleukemic leukemia, or undifferentiated cell leukemia. In embodiments the leukemia is acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), or precursor B-cell or T-cell acute lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).

The terms “acute myelogenous leukemia,” “acute myeloid leukemia,” or “AML” are used interchangeably and refer to leukemia characterized by the rapid accumulation of a population (e.g. clonal population) of abnormal myeloid cells in the bone marrow. AML may also be characterized by an increase in myeloid blast cells, which have failed to mature into normal haematopoietic cells due to, for example, a block in differentiation. In certain AML subtypes, AML is characterized by mutations of the protein kinase FLT3, as described herein, including embodiments thereof. AML characterized by mutations of FLT3 are herein referred to as “FLT3-AML.” FLT3-AML patients typically have increased relapse rates and reduced overall survival.

Thus an “acute myeloid leukemia expressing a FLT3-kinase” as used herein refers to an AML cancer characterized by the overexpression or abnormal expression of a FLT3-kinase or expression of an aberrant FLT3-kinase (e.g. a FLT3-mutant kinase). An “acute myeloid leukemia expressing FLT3-ITD mutant kinase” as used herein refers to an AML cancer characterized by the expression of a FLT3-mutant kinase as described herein, that has a ITD mutation as described herein.

“Chronic myelogenous leukemia” or “CML” refers to leukemia characterized by the slow progression of production of abnormal myeloblasts, red blood cells or platelets. CML may be characterized by the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities including, for example, the Philadelphia chromosome (e.g. a translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 designated as t(9;22)(q34;q11). Kurzrock R, et al. Ann Intern Med 138 (10), 819-30, 2003; Goldman J M, N Engl J Med 349 (15), 1451-64, 2003; Deininger M W, Blood 96 (10), 3343-56, 2000. CML may be further characterized by mutations of ABL1-kinase or BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase as described herein, including embodiments thereof.

“Acute lymphoblastic leukemia” or “ALL” refers to lymphoid leukemias characterized by over production of B or T cell lymphoblasts. The ALL may be precursor B-cell ALL. Precursor B-cell ALL may be characterized by the expression of cytoplasmic CD79a, CD19, HLA-DR or other B cell-associated antigens. In embodiments, B-cell ALL is characterized by including expression of mutant-FLT3-kinases as described herein. The ALL may or T-cell ALL. T-cell ALL may be characterized by the expression of T cell-associated antigens including, for example, cytoplasmic CD3, CD7, CD2 or CDS. In embodiments, the T-cell ALL is Early T-cell precursor ALL and is identified in a children. ALL may be further characterized by mutations of the protein kinase, FLT3, as described herein, including embodiments thereof.

The term “sarcoma” generally refers to a tumor which is made up of a substance like the embryonic connective tissue and is generally composed of closely packed cells embedded in a fibrillar or homogeneous substance. Sarcomas that may be treated with a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or method provided herein include a chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, melanosarcoma, myxosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Abemethy's sarcoma, adipose sarcoma, liposarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, ameloblastic sarcoma, botryoid sarcoma, chloroma sarcoma, chorio carcinoma, embryonal sarcoma, Wilms' tumor sarcoma, endometrial sarcoma, stromal sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, fascial sarcoma, fibroblastic sarcoma, giant cell sarcoma, granulocytic sarcoma, Hodgkin's sarcoma, idiopathic multiple pigmented hemorrhagic sarcoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of B cells, lymphoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of T-cells, Jensen's sarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, Kupffer cell sarcoma, angiosarcoma, leukosarcoma, malignant mesenchymoma sarcoma, parosteal sarcoma, reticulocytic sarcoma, Rous sarcoma, serocystic sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, or telangiectaltic sarcoma.

The term “melanoma” is taken to mean a tumor arising from the melanocytic system of the skin and other organs. Melanomas that may be treated with a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or method provided herein include, for example, acral-lentiginous melanoma, amelanotic melanoma, benign juvenile melanoma, Cloudman's melanoma, S91 melanoma, Harding-Passey melanoma, juvenile melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, malignant melanoma, nodular melanoma, subungal melanoma, or superficial spreading melanoma.

The term “carcinoma” refers to a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. Exemplary carcinomas that may be treated with a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or method provided herein include, for example, medullary thyroid carcinoma, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, acinar carcinoma, acinous carcinoma, adenocystic carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, carcinoma adenomatosum, carcinoma of adrenal cortex, alveolar carcinoma, alveolar cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, carcinoma basocellulare, basaloid carcinoma, basosquamous cell carcinoma, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, cerebriform carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chorionic carcinoma, colloid carcinoma, comedo carcinoma, corpus carcinoma, cribriform carcinoma, carcinoma en cuirasse, carcinoma cutaneum, cylindrical carcinoma, cylindrical cell carcinoma, duct carcinoma, ductal carcinoma, carcinoma durum, embryonal carcinoma, encephaloid carcinoma, epiermoid carcinoma, carcinoma epitheliale adenoides, exophytic carcinoma, carcinoma ex ulcere, carcinoma fibrosum, gelatiniforni carcinoma, gelatinous carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma, carcinoma gigantocellulare, glandular carcinoma, granulosa cell carcinoma, hair-matrix carcinoma, hematoid carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, Hurthle cell carcinoma, hyaline carcinoma, hypernephroid carcinoma, infantile embryonal carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, intraepidermal carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, Krompecher's carcinoma, Kulchitzky-cell carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, lenticular carcinoma, carcinoma lenticulare, lipomatous carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, lymphoepithelial carcinoma, carcinoma medullare, medullary carcinoma, melanotic carcinoma, carcinoma molle, mucinous carcinoma, carcinoma muciparum, carcinoma mucocellulare, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, carcinoma mucosum, mucous carcinoma, carcinoma myxomatodes, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, oat cell carcinoma, carcinoma ossificans, osteoid carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, periportal carcinoma, preinvasive carcinoma, prickle cell carcinoma, pultaceous carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma of kidney, reserve cell carcinoma, carcinoma sarcomatodes, schneiderian carcinoma, scirrhous carcinoma, carcinoma scroti, signet-ring cell carcinoma, carcinoma simplex, small-cell carcinoma, solanoid carcinoma, spheroidal cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, carcinoma spongiosum, squamous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, string carcinoma, carcinoma telangiectaticum, carcinoma telangiectodes, transitional cell carcinoma, carcinoma tuberosum, tubular carcinoma, tuberous carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, or carcinoma villosum.

The term “associated” or “associated with” in the context of a substance or substance activity or function associated with a disease means that the disease is caused by (in whole or in part), a symptom of the disease is caused by (in whole or in part) the substance or substance activity or function, or a side-effect of the compound (e.g. toxicity) is caused by (in whole or in part) the substance or substance activity or function.

The term “signaling pathway” as used herein refers to a series of interactions between cellular and optionally extra-cellular components (e.g. proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, ions, lipids) that conveys a change in one component to one or more other components, which in turn may convey a change to additional components, which is optionally propagated to other signaling pathway components. For example, binding of a kinase with a compound as described herein may result in a change in one or more protein-protein interactions of the kinase, resulting in changes in cell growth, proliferation, or survival. Exemplary signaling pathways include but are not limited to STAT signaling, MAPK signaling, and AKT signaling.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” and “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refer to a substance that aids the administration of an active agent to and absorption by a subject and can be included in the compositions of the present invention without causing a significant adverse toxicological effect on the patient. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include water, NaCl, normal saline solutions, lactated Ringer's, normal sucrose, normal glucose, binders, fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, coatings, sweeteners, flavors, salt solutions (such as Ringer's solution), alcohols, oils, gelatins, carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch, fatty acid esters, hydroxymethycellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, and colors, and the like. Such preparations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents such as lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, coloring, and/or aromatic substances and the like that do not deleteriously react with the compounds of the invention. One of skill in the art will recognize that other pharmaceutical excipients are useful in the present invention.

The term “preparation” is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the active component with or without other carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it. Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.

As used herein, the term “administering” means oral administration, administration as a suppository, topical contact, intravenous, parenteral, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intralesional, intrathecal, intranasal or subcutaneous administration, or the implantation of a slow-release device, e.g., a mini-osmotic pump, to a subject. Administration is by any route, including parenteral and transmucosal (e.g., buccal, sublingual, palatal, gingival, nasal, vaginal, rectal, or transdermal). Parenteral administration includes, e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arteriole, intradermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraventricular, and intracranial. Other modes of delivery include, but are not limited to, the use of liposomal formulations, intravenous infusion, transdermal patches, etc. By “co-administer” it is meant that a composition described herein is administered at the same time, just prior to, or just after the administration of one or more additional therapies, for example cancer therapies such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy. The compound of the invention can be administered alone or can be coadministered to the patient. Coadministration is meant to include simultaneous or sequential administration of the compound individually or in combination (more than one compound or agent). Thus, the preparations can also be combined, when desired, with other active substances (e.g. to reduce metabolic degradation).

The compositions of the present invention can be delivered transdermally, by a topical route, formulated as applicator sticks, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, creams, ointments, pastes, jellies, paints, powders, and aerosols. Oral preparations include tablets, pills, powder, dragees, capsules, liquids, lozenges, cachets, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, etc., suitable for ingestion by the patient. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, for example, water or water/propylene glycol solutions. The compositions of the present invention may additionally include components to provide sustained release and/or comfort. Such components include high molecular weight, anionic mucomimetic polymers, gelling polysaccharides and finely-divided drug carrier substrates. These components are discussed in greater detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,911,920; 5,403,841; 5,212,162; and 4,861,760. The entire contents of these patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. The compositions of the present invention can also be delivered as microspheres for slow release in the body. For example, microspheres can be administered via intradermal injection of drug-containing microspheres, which slowly release subcutaneously (see Rao, J. Biomater Sci. Polym. Ed. 7:623-645, 1995; as biodegradable and injectable gel formulations (see, e.g., Gao Pharm. Res. 12:857-863, 1995); or, as microspheres for oral administration (see, e.g., Eyles, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 49:669-674, 1997). In another embodiment, the formulations of the compositions of the present invention can be delivered by the use of liposomes which fuse with the cellular membrane or are endocytosed, i.e., by employing receptor ligands attached to the liposome, that bind to surface membrane protein receptors of the cell resulting in endocytosis. By using liposomes, particularly where the liposome surface carries receptor ligands specific for target cells, or are otherwise preferentially directed to a specific organ, one can focus the delivery of the compositions of the present invention into the target cells in vivo. (See, e.g., Al-Muhammed, J. Microencapsul. 13:293-306, 1996; Chonn, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 6:698-708, 1995; Ostro, Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 46:1576-1587, 1989).

Pharmaceutical compositions may include compositions wherein the active ingredient (e.g. compounds described herein, including embodiments or examples) is contained in a therapeutically effective amount, i.e., in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose. The actual amount effective for a particular application will depend, inter alia, on the condition being treated. When administered in methods to treat a disease, such compositions will contain an amount of active ingredient effective to achieve the desired result, e.g., modulating the activity of a target molecule, and/or reducing, eliminating, or slowing the progression of disease symptoms.

The dosage and frequency (single or multiple doses) administered to a mammal can vary depending upon a variety of factors, for example, whether the mammal suffers from another disease, and its route of administration; size, age, sex, health, body weight, body mass index, and diet of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms of the disease being treated (e.g. cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, or prostate cancer), kind of concurrent treatment, complications from the disease being treated or other health-related problems. Other therapeutic regimens or agents can be used in conjunction with the methods and compounds of Applicants' invention. Adjustment and manipulation of established dosages (e.g., frequency and duration) are well within the ability of those skilled in the art.

For any compound described herein, the therapeutically effective amount can be initially determined from cell culture assays. Target concentrations will be those concentrations of active compound(s) that are capable of achieving the methods described herein, as measured using the methods described herein or known in the art.

As is well known in the art, therapeutically effective amounts for use in humans can also be determined from animal models. For example, a dose for humans can be formulated to achieve a concentration that has been found to be effective in animals. The dosage in humans can be adjusted by monitoring compounds effectiveness and adjusting the dosage upwards or downwards, as described above. Adjusting the dose to achieve maximal efficacy in humans based on the methods described above and other methods is well within the capabilities of the ordinarily skilled artisan.

Dosages may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the compound being employed. The dose administered to a patient, in the context of the present invention should be sufficient to effect a beneficial therapeutic response in the patient over time. The size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side-effects. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the practitioner. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under circumstances is reached.

Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjusted individually to provide levels of the administered compound effective for the particular clinical indication being treated. This will provide a therapeutic regimen that is commensurate with the severity of the individual's disease state.

Utilizing the teachings provided herein, an effective prophylactic or therapeutic treatment regimen can be planned that does not cause substantial toxicity and yet is effective to treat the clinical symptoms demonstrated by the particular patient. This planning should involve the careful choice of active compound by considering factors such as compound potency, relative bioavailability, patient body weight, presence and severity of adverse side effects, preferred mode of administration and the toxicity profile of the selected agent.

The compounds described herein can be used in combination with one another, with other active agents, or with adjunctive agents that may not be effective alone, but may contribute to the efficacy of the active agent.

In embodiments, co-administration includes administering one active agent within 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, or 24 hours of a second active agent. Co-administration includes administering two active agents simultaneously, approximately simultaneously (e.g., within about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 minutes of each other), or sequentially in any order. In embodiments, co-administration can be accomplished by co-formulation, i.e., preparing a single pharmaceutical composition including both active agents. In embodiments, the active agents can be formulated separately. In another embodiment, the active and/or adjunctive agents may be linked or conjugated to one another.

“Anti-cancer agent” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to a composition (e.g. compound, drug, antagonist, inhibitor, modulator) having antineoplastic properties or the ability to inhibit the growth or proliferation of cells. In embodiments, an anti-cancer agent is a chemotherapeutic. In embodiments, an anti-cancer agent is an agent identified herein having utility in methods of treating cancer. In embodiments, an anti-cancer agent is an agent approved by the FDA or similar regulatory agency of a country other than the USA, for treating cancer.

Examples of anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, MEK (e.g. MEK1, MEK2, or MEK1 and MEK2) inhibitors (e.g. XL518, CI-1040, PD035901, selumetinib/AZD6244, GSK1120212/ trametinib, GDC-0973, ARRY-162, ARRY-300, AZD8330, PD0325901, U0126, PD98059, TAK-733, PD318088, AS703026, BAY 869766), alkylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, chlorambucil, busulfan, melphalan, mechlorethamine, uramustine, thiotepa, nitrosoureas, nitrogen mustards (e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, meiphalan), ethylenimine and methylmelamines (e.g., hexamethlymelamine, thiotepa), alkyl sulfonates (e.g., busulfan), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine, lomusitne, semustine, streptozocin), triazenes (decarbazine)), anti-metabolites (e.g., 5- azathioprine, leucovorin, capecitabine, fludarabine, gemcitabine, pemetrexed, raltitrexed, folic acid analog (e.g., methotrexate), or pyrimidine analogs (e.g., fluorouracil, floxouridine, Cytarabine), purine analogs (e.g., mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin), etc.), plant alkaloids (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, podophyllotoxin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, etc.), topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g., irinotecan, topotecan, amsacrine, etoposide (VP16), etoposide phosphate, teniposide, etc.), antitumor antibiotics (e.g., doxorubicin, adriamycin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, actinomycin, bleomycin, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, plicamycin, etc.), platinum-based compounds (e.g. cisplatin, oxaloplatin, carboplatin), anthracenedione (e.g., mitoxantrone), substituted urea (e.g., hydroxyurea), methyl hydrazine derivative (e.g., procarbazine), adrenocortical suppressant (e.g., mitotane, aminoglutethimide), epipodophyllotoxins (e.g., etoposide), antibiotics (e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin, bleomycin), enzymes (e.g., L-asparaginase), inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling (e.g. U0126, PD98059, PD184352, PD0325901, ARRY-142886, SB239063, SP600125, BAY 43-9006, wortmannin, or LY294002, Syk inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, antibodies (e.g., rituxan), gossyphol, genasense, polyphenol E, Chlorofusin, all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), bryostatin, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, all trans retinoic acid, doxorubicin, vincristine, etoposide, gemcitabine, imatinib (GLEEVEC®), geldanamycin, 17-N-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), flavopiridol, LY294002, bortezomib, trastuzumab, BAY 11-7082, PKC412, PD184352, 20-epi-1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5-ethynyluracil; abiraterone; aclarubicin; acylfulvene; adecypenol; adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL-TK antagonists; altretamine; ambamustine; amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole; andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen; antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara-CDP-DL-PTBA; arginine deaminase; asulacrine; atamestane; atrimustine; axinastatin 1; axinastatin 2; axinastatin 3; azasetron; azatoxin; azatyrosine; baccatin III derivatives; balanol; batimastat; BCR/ABL antagonists; benzochlorins; benzoylstaurosporine; beta lactam derivatives; beta-alethine; betaclamycin B; betulinic acid; bFGF inhibitor; bicalutamide; bisantrene; bisaziridinylspermine; bisnafide; bistratene A; bizelesin; breflate; bropirimine; budotitane; buthionine sulfoximine; calcipotriol; calphostin C; camptothecin derivatives; canarypox IL-2; capecitabine; carboxamide-amino-triazole; carboxyamidotriazole; CaRest M3; CARN 700; cartilage derived inhibitor; carzelesin; casein kinase inhibitors (ICOS); castanospermine; cecropin B; cetrorelix; chlorins; chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide; cicaprost; cis-porphyrin; cladribine; clomifene analogues; clotrimazole; collismycin A; collismycin B; combretastatin A4; combretastatin analogue; conagenin; crambescidin 816; crisnatol; cryptophycin 8; cryptophycin A derivatives; curacin A; cyclopentanthraquinones; cycloplatam; cypemycin; cytarabine ocfosfate; cytolytic factor; cytostatin; dacliximab; decitabine; dehydrodidemnin B; deslorelin; dexamethasone; dexifosfamide; dexrazoxane; dexverapamil; diaziquone; didemnin B; didox; diethylnorspermine; dihydro-5-azacytidine; 9-dioxamycin; diphenyl spiromustine; docosanol; dolasetron; doxifluridine; droloxifene; dronabinol; duocarmycin SA; ebselen; ecomustine; edelfosine; edrecolomab; eflornithine; elemene; emitefur; epirubicin; epristeride; estramustine analogue; estrogen agonists; estrogen antagonists; etanidazole; etoposide phosphate; exemestane; fadrozole; fazarabine; fenretinide; filgrastim; finasteride; flavopiridol; flezelastine; fluasterone; fludarabine; fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride; forfenimex; formestane; fostriecin; fotemustine; gadolinium texaphyrin; gallium nitrate; galocitabine; ganirelix; gelatinase inhibitors; gemcitabine; glutathione inhibitors; hepsulfam; heregulin; hexamethylene bisacetamide; hypericin; ibandronic acid; idarubicin; idoxifene; idramantone; ilmofosine; ilomastat; imidazoacridones; imiquimod; immunostimulant peptides; insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor; interferon agonists; interferons; interleukins; iobenguane; iododoxorubicin; ipomeanol, 4-; iroplact; irsogladine; isobengazole; isohomohalicondrin B; itasetron; jasplakinolide; kahalalide F; lamellarin-N triacetate; lanreotide; leinamycin; lenograstim; lentinan sulfate; leptolstatin; letrozole; leukemia inhibiting factor; leukocyte alpha interferon; leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone; leuprorelin; levamisole; liarozole; linear polyamine analogue; lipophilic disaccharide peptide; lipophilic platinum compounds; lissoclinamide 7; lobaplatin; lombricine; lometrexol; lonidamine; losoxantrone; lovastatin; loxoribine; lurtotecan; lutetium texaphyrin; lysofylline; lytic peptides; maitansine; mannostatin A; marimastat; masoprocol; maspin; matrilysin inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; menogaril; merbarone; meterelin; methioninase; metoclopramide; MIF inhibitor; mifepristone; miltefosine; mirimostim; mismatched double stranded RNA; mitoguazone; mitolactol; mitomycin analogues; mitonafide; mitotoxin fibroblast growth factor-saporin; mitoxantrone; mofarotene; molgramostim; monoclonal antibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin; monophosphoryl lipid A+myobacterium cell wall sk; mopidamol; multiple drug resistance gene inhibitor; multiple tumor suppressor 1-based therapy; mustard anticancer agent; mycaperoxide B; mycobacterial cell wall extract; myriaporone; N-acetyldinaline; N-substituted benzamides; nafarelin; nagrestip; naloxone+pentazocine; napavin; naphterpin; nartograstim; nedaplatin; nemorubicin; neridronic acid; neutral endopeptidase; nilutamide; nisamycin; nitric oxide modulators; nitroxide antioxidant; nitrullyn; O6-benzylguanine; octreotide; okicenone; oligonucleotides; onapristone; ondansetron; ondansetron; oracin; oral cytokine inducer; ormaplatin; osaterone; oxaliplatin; oxaunomycin; palauamine; palmitoylrhizoxin; pamidronic acid; panaxytriol; panomifene; parabactin; pazelliptine; pegaspargase; peldesine; pentosan polysulfate sodium; pentostatin; pentrozole; perflubron; perfosfamide; perillyl alcohol; phenazinomycin; phenylacetate; phosphatase inhibitors; picibanil; pilocarpine hydrochloride; pirarubicin; piritrexim; placetin A; placetin B; plasminogen activator inhibitor; platinum complex; platinum compounds; platinum-triamine complex; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednisone; propyl bis-acridone; prostaglandin J2; proteasome inhibitors; protein A-based immune modulator; protein kinase C inhibitor; protein kinase C inhibitors, microalgal; protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors; purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors; purpurins; pyrazoloacridine; pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylerie conjugate; raf antagonists; raltitrexed; ramosetron; ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors; ras inhibitors; ras-GAP inhibitor; retelliptine demethylated; rhenium Re 186 etidronate; rhizoxin; ribozymes; RII retinamide; rogletimide; rohitukine; romurtide; roquinimex; rubiginone B1; ruboxyl; safingol; saintopin; SarCNU; sarcophytol A; sargramostim; Sdi 1 mimetics; semustine; senescence derived inhibitor 1; sense oligonucleotides; signal transduction inhibitors; signal transduction modulators; single chain antigen-binding protein; sizofuran; sobuzoxane; sodium borocaptate; sodium phenylacetate; solverol; somatomedin binding protein; sonermin; sparfosic acid; spicamycin D; spiromustine; splenopentin; spongistatin 1; squalamine; stem cell inhibitor; stem-cell division inhibitors; stipiamide; stromelysin inhibitors; sulfinosine; superactive vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist; suradista; suramin; swainsonine; synthetic glycosaminoglycans; tallimustine; tamoxifen methiodide; tauromustine; tazarotene; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; tellurapyrylium; telomerase inhibitors; temoporfin; temozolomide; teniposide; tetrachlorodecaoxide; tetrazomine; thaliblastine; thiocoraline; thrombopoietin; thrombopoietin mimetic; thymalfasin; thymopoietin receptor agonist; thymotrinan; thyroid stimulating hormone; tin ethyl etiopurpurin; tirapazamine; titanocene bichloride; topsentin; toremifene; totipotent stem cell factor; translation inhibitors; tretinoin; triacetyluridine; triciribine; trimetrexate; triptorelin; tropisetron; turosteride; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; tyrphostins; UBC inhibitors; ubenimex; urogenital sinus-derived growth inhibitory factor; urokinase receptor antagonists; vapreotide; variolin B; vector system, erythrocyte gene therapy; velaresol; veramine; verdins; verteporfin; vinorelbine; vinxaltine; vitaxin; vorozole; zanoterone; zeniplatin; zilascorb; zinostatin stimalamer, Adriamycin, Dactinomycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Cisplatin, acivicin; aclarubicin; acodazole hydrochloride; acronine; adozelesin; aldesleukin; altretamine; ambomycin; ametantrone acetate; aminoglutethimide; amsacrine; anastrozole; anthramycin; asparaginase; asperlin; azacitidine; azetepa; azotomycin; batimastat; benzodepa; bicalutamide; bisantrene hydrochloride; bisnafide dimesylate; bizelesin; bleomycin sulfate; brequinar sodium; bropirimine; busulfan; cactinomycin; calusterone; caracemide; carbetimer; carboplatin; carmustine; carubicin hydrochloride; carzelesin; cedefingol; chlorambucil; cirolemycin; cladribine; crisnatol mesylate; cyclophosphamide; cytarabine; dacarbazine; daunorubicin hydrochloride; decitabine; dexormaplatin; dezaguanine; dezaguanine mesylate; diaziquone; doxorubicin; doxorubicin hydrochloride; droloxifene; droloxifene citrate; dromostanolone propionate; duazomycin; edatrexate; eflornithine hydrochloride; elsamitrucin; enloplatin; enpromate; epipropidine; epirubicin hydrochloride; erbulozole; esorubicin hydrochloride; estramustine; estramustine phosphate sodium; etanidazole; etoposide; etoposide phosphate; etoprine; fadrozole hydrochloride; fazarabine; fenretinide; floxuridine; fludarabine phosphate; fluorouracil; fluorocitabine; fosquidone; fostriecin sodium; gemcitabine; gemcitabine hydrochloride; hydroxyurea; idarubicin hydrochloride; ifosfamide; iimofosine; interleukin I1 (including recombinant interleukin II, or r1L.sub.2), interferon alfa-2a; interferon alfa-2b; interferon alfa-n1; interferon alfa-n3; interferon beta-1a; interferon gamma-1b; iproplatin; irinotecan hydrochloride; lanreotide acetate; letrozole; leuprolide acetate; liarozole hydrochloride; lometrexol sodium; lomustine; losoxantrone hydrochloride; masoprocol; maytansine; mechlorethamine hydrochloride; megestrol acetate; melengestrol acetate; melphalan; menogaril; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; methotrexate sodium; metoprine; meturedepa; mitindomide; mitocarcin; mitocromin; mitogillin; mitomalcin; mitomycin; mitosper; mitotane; mitoxantrone hydrochloride; mycophenolic acid; nocodazoie; nogalamycin; ormaplatin; oxisuran; pegaspargase; peliomycin; pentamustine; peplomycin sulfate; perfosfamide; pipobroman; piposulfan; piroxantrone hydrochloride; plicamycin; plomestane; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednimustine; procarbazine hydrochloride; puromycin; puromycin hydrochloride; pyrazofurin; riboprine; rogletimide; safingol; safingol hydrochloride; semustine; simtrazene; sparfosate sodium; sparsomycin; spirogermanium hydrochloride; spiromustine; spiroplatin; streptonigrin; streptozocin; sulofenur; talisomycin; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; teloxantrone hydrochloride; temoporfin; teniposide; teroxirone; testolactone; thiamiprine; thioguanine; thiotepa; tiazofurin; tirapazamine; toremifene citrate; trestolone acetate; triciribine phosphate; trimetrexate; trimetrexate glucuronate; triptorelin; tubulozole hydrochloride; uracil mustard; uredepa; vapreotide; verteporfin; vinblastine sulfate; vincristine sulfate; vindesine; vindesine sulfate; vinepidine sulfate; vinglycinate sulfate; vinleurosine sulfate; vinorelbine tartrate; vinrosidine sulfate; vinzolidine sulfate; vorozole; zeniplatin; zinostatin; zorubicin hydrochloride, agents that arrest cells in the G2-M phases and/or modulate the formation or stability of microtubules, (e.g. TAXOL™ (i.e. paclitaxel), TAXOTERE™ compounds comprising the taxane skeleton, Erbulozole (i.e. R-55104), Dolastatin 10 (i.e. DLS-10 and NSC-376128), Mivobulin isethionate (i.e. as CI-980), Vincristine, NSC-639829, Discodermolide (i.e. as NVP-XX-A-296), ABT-751 (Abbott, i.e. E-7010), Altorhyrtins (e.g. Altorhyrtin A and Altorhyrtin C), Spongistatins (e.g. Spongistatin 1, Spongistatin 2, Spongistatin 3, Spongistatin 4, Spongistatin 5, Spongistatin 6, Spongistatin 7, Spongistatin 8, and Spongistatin 9), Cemadotin hydrochloride (i.e. LU-103793 and NSC-D-669356), Epothilones (e.g. Epothilone A, Epothilone B, Epothilone C (i.e.

desoxyepothilone A or dEpoA), Epothilone D (i.e. KOS-862, dEpoB, and desoxyepothilone B), Epothilone E, Epothilone F, Epothilone B N-oxide, Epothilone A N-oxide, 16-aza-epothilone B, 21-aminoepothilone B (i.e. BMS-310705), 21-hydroxyepothilone D (i.e. Desoxyepothilone F and dEpoF), 26-fluoroepothilone, Auristatin PE (i.e. NSC-654663), Soblidotin (i.e. TZT-1027), LS-4559-P (Pharmacia, i.e. LS-4577), LS-4578 (Pharmacia, i.e. LS-477-P), LS-4477 (Pharmacia), LS-4559 (Pharmacia), RPR-112378 (Aventis), Vincristine sulfate, DZ-3358 (Daiichi), FR-182877 (Fujisawa, i.e. WS-9885B), GS-164 (Takeda), GS-198 (Takeda), KAR-2 (Hungarian Academy of Sciences), BSF-223651 (BASF, i.e. ILX-651 and LU-223651), SAH-49960 (Lilly/Novartis), SDZ-268970 (Lilly/Novartis), AM-97 (Armad/Kyowa Hakko), AM-132 (Armad), AM-138 (Armad/Kyowa Hakko), IDN-5005 (Indena), Cryptophycin 52 (i.e. LY-355703), AC-7739 (Ajinomoto, i.e. AVE-8063A and CS-39.HCl), AC-7700 (Ajinomoto, i.e. AVE-8062, AVE-8062A, CS-39-L-Ser.HCl, and RPR-258062A), Vitilevuamide, Tubulysin A, Canadensol, Centaureidin (i.e. NSC-106969), T-138067 (Tularik, i.e. T-67, TL-138067 and TI-138067), COBRA-1 (Parker Hughes Institute, i.e. DDE-261 and WHI-261), H10 (Kansas State University), H16 (Kansas State University), Oncocidin A1 (i.e. BTO-956 and DIME), DDE-313 (Parker Hughes Institute), Fijianolide B, Laulimalide, SPA-2 (Parker Hughes Institute), SPA-1 (Parker Hughes Institute, i.e. SPIKET-P), 3-IAABU (Cytoskeleton/Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, i.e. MF-569), Narcosine (also known as NSC-5366), Nascapine, D-24851 (Asta Medica), A-105972 (Abbott), Hemiasterlin, 3-BAABU (Cytoskeleton/Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, i.e. MF-191), TMPN (Arizona State University), Vanadocene acetylacetonate, T-138026 (Tularik), Monsatrol, lnanocine (i.e. NSC-698666), 3-IAABE (Cytoskeleton/Mt. Sinai School of Medicine), A-204197 (Abbott), T-607 (Tuiarik, i.e. T-900607), RPR-115781 (Aventis), Eleutherobins (such as Desmethyleleutherobin, Desaetyleleutherobin, lsoeleutherobin A, and Z-Eleutherobin), Caribaeoside, Caribaeolin, Halichondrin B, D-64131 (Asta Medica), D-68144 (Asta Medica), Diazonamide A, A-293620 (Abbott), NPI-2350 (Nereus), Taccalonolide A, TUB-245 (Aventis), A-259754 (Abbott), Diozostatin, (−)-Phenylahistin (i.e. NSCL-96F037), D-68838 (Asta Medica), D-68836 (Asta Medica), Myoseverin B, D-43411 (Zentaris, i.e. D-81862), A-289099 (Abbott), A-318315 (Abbott), HTI-286 (i.e. SPA-110, trifluoroacetate salt) (Wyeth), D-82317 (Zentaris), D-82318 (Zentaris), SC-12983 (NCI), Resverastatin phosphate sodium, BPR-OY-007 (National Health Research Institutes), and SSR-250411 (Sanofi)), steroids (e.g., dexamethasone), finasteride, aromatase inhibitors, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH) such as goserelin or leuprolide, adrenocorticosteroids (e.g., prednisone), progestins (e.g., hydroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate), estrogens (e.g., diethlystilbestrol, ethinyl estradiol), antiestrogen (e.g., tamoxifen), androgens (e.g., testosterone propionate, fluoxymesterone), antiandrogen (e.g., flutamide), immunostimulants (e.g., Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), levamisole, interleukin-2, alpha-interferon, etc.), monoclonal antibodies (e.g., anti-CD20, anti-HER2, anti-CD52, anti-HLA-DR, and anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies), immunotoxins (e.g., anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody-calicheamicin conjugate, anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody-pseudomonas exotoxin conjugate, etc.), radioimmunotherapy (e.g., anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody conjugated to ¹¹¹In, ⁹⁰Y, or ¹³¹1, etc.), triptolide, homoharringtonine, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, topotecan, itraconazole, vindesine, cerivastatin, vincristine, deoxyadenosine, sertraline, pitavastatin, irinotecan, clofazimine, 5-nonyloxytryptamine, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, erlotinib, gefitinib, EGFR inhibitors, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapy or therapeutic (e.g. gefitinib (IRESSA™), erlotinib (TARCEVA™), cetuximab (ERBITUX™), lapatinib (TYKERB™), panitumumab (VECTIBIX™), vandetanib (CAPRELSA™), afatinib/BIBW2992, CI-1033/canertinib, neratinib/HKI-272, CP-724714, TAK-285, AST-1306, ARRY334543, ARRY-380, AG-1478, dacomitinib/PF299804, OSI-420/desmethyl erlotinib, AZD8931, AEE788, pelitinib/EKB-569, CUDC-101, WZ8040, WZ4002, WZ3146, AG-490, XL647, PD153035, BMS-599626), sorafenib, imatinib, sunitinib, dasatinib, or the like.

I. COMPOSITIONS

Provided herein compositions having the formula:

In the compound of formula (I), L is a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene. R¹ is hydrogen, halogen, —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CBr₃, —CI₃, —OCF₃, —OCCl₃, —OCBr₃, —OCI₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —C(O)OR⁴, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —NR²R³, —OR⁴, —SR⁴, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R² and R³ are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or R² and R³ are optionally joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CBr₃, —CI₃, —OCF₃, —OCCl₃, —OCBr₃, —OCl₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —C(O)OR⁹, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —NR⁷R⁸, —OR⁹, —SR⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R⁷ and R⁸ are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

L may be a bond or substituted or unsubstituted alkylene. In embodiments, L is substituted or unsubstituted alkylene. L may be unsubstituted alkylene. L may be unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkylene. L may be unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkylene. L may be unsubstituted C₂ alkylene. L may be unsubstituted methylene. In embodiments, L is a bond. In embodiments, L is independently a bond or R⁴⁷-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene. L may be substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene. L may be substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene. L may be substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkylene. L may be unsubstituted heteroalkylene. L may be unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene. L may be unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkylene.

R⁴⁷ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R⁴⁸-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R⁴⁸-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R⁴⁸-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R⁴⁸-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R⁴⁸-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R⁴⁸-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

R⁴⁸ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R⁴⁹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R⁴⁹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R⁴⁹-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R⁴⁹-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R⁴⁹-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R⁴⁹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹ is halogen, —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CBr₃, —CI₃, —OCF₃, —OCCl₃, —OCBr₃, —OCI₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —C(O)OR⁴, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —NR²R³, —OR⁴, —SR⁴, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹ is —NR²R³. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted alkyl. R¹ may be substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. R¹ may be substituted ethyl. In embodiments, R¹ is a substituted methyl. In embodiments, R¹ is not hydrogen. In embodiments, R¹ is not —OH. In embodiments, R¹ is not —NH₂.

In embodiments, R¹ is independently hydrogen, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹ is independently halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 10 membered heteroalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 10 membered heteroalkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 20 membered cycloalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 20 membered cycloalkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered cycloalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered cycloalkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered cycloalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered cycloalkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered cycloalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered cycloalkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered cycloalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered cycloalkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 20 membered heterocycloalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 20 membered heterocycloalkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered heterocycloalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered heterocycloalkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered aryl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered aryl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered aryl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered aryl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered aryl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered aryl.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered heteroaryl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered heteroaryl. R¹ may be substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl. R¹ may be R²⁰-substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl.

R²⁰ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

R²¹ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R²²-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R²²-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R²²-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R²²-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R²²-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R²²-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R² is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. R² may independently be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R² may independently be substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R² may independently be unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R² may independently be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. R² may independently be substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. R² may independently be unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. R² may independently be —OH substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. R² may independently be substituted or unsubstituted methyl. R² may independently be substituted or unsubstituted ethyl. R² may independently be substituted or unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R² is independently R²³-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R²³-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R²³-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R²³-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R²³-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R²³-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R² is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, R² is substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 10 membered heteroalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 10 membered heteroalkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl.

In embodiments, R² is substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 20 membered cycloalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 20 membered cycloalkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered cycloalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered cycloalkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered cycloalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered cycloalkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered cycloalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered cycloalkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered cycloalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered cycloalkyl.

In embodiments, R² is substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 20 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 20 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl.

In embodiments, R² is substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered aryl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered aryl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered aryl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered aryl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered aryl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered aryl.

In embodiments, R² is substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered heteroaryl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered heteroaryl. R² may be substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl. R² may be R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl.

R²³ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R²³ may independently be —OH. R²³ may independently be unsubstituted methyl. R²³ may independently be R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. R²³ may independently be R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. R²³ may independently be R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl.

R²⁴ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R²⁵-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R²⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R²⁵-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R²⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R²⁵-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R²⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R²⁴ may independently be —OH.

In embodiments, R³ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. R³ may independently be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R³ may independently be substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R³ may independently be unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R³ may independently be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. R³ may independently be substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. R³ may independently be unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. R³ may independently be —OH substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. R³ may independently be substituted or unsubstituted methyl. R³ may independently be substituted or unsubstituted ethyl. R³ may independently be substituted or unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R³ is independently R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 10 membered heteroalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 10 membered heteroalkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl.

In embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 20 membered cycloalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 20 membered cycloalkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered cycloalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered cycloalkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered cycloalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered cycloalkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered cycloalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered cycloalkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered cycloalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered cycloalkyl.

In embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 20 membered heterocycloalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 20 membered heterocycloalkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered heterocycloalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered heterocycloalkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl.

In embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered aryl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered aryl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered aryl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered aryl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered aryl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered aryl.

In embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered heteroaryl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered heteroaryl. R³ may be substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl. R³ may be R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl.

R²⁶ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R²⁷-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R²⁷-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R²⁷-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R²⁷-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R²⁷-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R²⁷-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R²⁶ may independently be —OH. R²⁶ may independently be unsubstituted methyl. R²³ may independently be R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. R²⁶ may independently be R²⁷-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. R²⁶ may independently be R²⁷-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl.

R²⁷ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R²⁸-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R²⁸-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R²⁸-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R²⁸-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R²⁸-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R²⁸-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R²⁷ may independently be —OH.

In embodiments, R² and R³ are joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R² and R³ may be joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R² and R³ may be joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² and R³ may be joined together to form a substituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² and R³ may be joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² and R³ may be joined together to form a substituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² and R³ may be joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² and R³ may be joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² and R³ may be joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl.

R² and R³ may be joined together to form a R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² and R³ may be joined together to form a R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkyl. R² and R³ may be joined together to form an R²³-substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein R²³ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. R² and R³ may be joined together to form an R²³-substituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein R²³ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl.

In embodiments, R² and R³ are joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl. In embodiments, R² and R³ are joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl. In embodiments, R² and R³ are joined together to form a R²³-substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl. In embodiments, R² and R³ are joined together to form a R²³-substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl. R²³ is as described herein, including embodiments thereof

In embodiments, R⁴ is independently R²⁹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R²⁹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R²⁹-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R²⁹-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R²⁹-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R²⁹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

R²⁹ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R³⁰-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R³⁰-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R³⁰-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R³⁰-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R³⁰-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R³⁰-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

R³⁰ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R³¹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R³¹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R³¹-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R³¹-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R³¹-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R³¹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

R⁵ may independently be halogen, —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CBr₃, —CI₃, —OCF₃, —OCCl₃, —OCBr₃, —OCI₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —C(O)OR⁹, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —NR⁷R⁸, —OR⁹, —SR⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁵ is independently —F. In embodiments, R⁵ is independently —Cl. In embodiments, R⁵ is independently —I. In embodiments, R⁵ is independently —Br. In embodiments, R⁵ is —NR⁷R⁸.

In embodiments, R⁵ is —C(O)OCH₃. In embodiments, R⁵ is —OCH₃. In embodiments, R⁵ is —OCH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, R⁵ is —CN. In embodiments, R⁵ is —NO₂. In embodiments, R⁵ is —NH₂. In embodiments, R⁵ is halogen. In embodiments, R⁵ is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁵ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is independently —OCF₃. In embodiments, R⁵ is independently —NHAc. In embodiments, R⁵ is independently —OH. In embodiments, R⁵ is unsubstituted alkyl. R⁵ may be unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. R⁵ may be unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is an unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is independently hydrogen, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R³²-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R³²-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R³²-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R³²-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R³²-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R³²-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁵ is independently halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R³²-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R32-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R³²-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R³²-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R³²-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R³²-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments R⁵ is not hydrogen.

Each R³² is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R³³-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R³³-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R³³-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R³³-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R³³-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R³³-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

Each R³³ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R³⁴-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R³⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R³⁴-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R³⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R³⁴-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R³⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

R⁶ may independently be halogen, —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CBr₃, —CI₃, —OCF₃, —OCCl₃, —OCBr₃, —OCI₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —C(O)OR⁹, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —NR⁷R⁸, —OR⁹, —SR⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁶ is independently —F. In embodiments, R⁶ is independently —Cl. In embodiments, R⁶ is independently —I. In embodiments, R⁶ is independently —Br. In embodiments, R⁶ is —NR⁷R⁸.

In embodiments, R⁶ is —C(O)OCH₃. In embodiments, R⁶ is —OCH₃. In embodiments, R⁶ is —OCH(CH₃)₂. In embodiments, R⁶ is —CN. In embodiments, R⁶ is —NO₂. In embodiments, R⁶ is —NH₂. In embodiments, R⁶ is halogen. In embodiments, R⁶ is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁶ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R⁶ is independently —OCF₃. In embodiments, R⁶ is independently —NHAc. In embodiments, R⁶ is independently —OH. In embodiments, R⁶ is unsubstituted alkyl. R⁶ may be unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁶ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. R⁶ may be unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R⁶ is an unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R⁶ is independently hydrogen, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R³⁵-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R³⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R³⁵-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R³⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R³⁵-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R³⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁶ is independently halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R³⁵-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R³⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R³⁵-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R³⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R³⁵-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R³⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁶ is not hydrogen.

Each R³⁵ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R³⁶-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R³⁶-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R³⁶-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R³⁶-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R³⁶-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R³⁶-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

Each R³⁶ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R³⁷-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R³⁷-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R³⁷-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R³⁷-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R³⁷-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R³⁷-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R⁷ is independently hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R³⁸-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R³⁸-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R³⁸-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R³⁸-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R³⁸-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R³⁸-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

R³⁸ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —S(O)₂CHCH₂, —NHS(O)₂CHCH₂, R³⁹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R³⁹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R³⁹-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R³⁹-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R³⁹-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R³⁹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R³⁸ may independently be —OH. R³⁸ may independently be unsubstituted methyl. R³⁸ may independently be R³⁹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. R³⁸ may independently be R³⁹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. R³⁸ may independently be R³⁹-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl.

R³⁹ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —S(O)₂CHCH₂, —NHS(O)₂CHCH₂, R⁴⁰-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R⁴⁰-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R⁴⁰-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R⁴⁰-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R⁴⁰-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R⁴⁰-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R⁸ is independently hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, ⁻ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R⁴¹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R⁴¹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R⁴¹-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R⁴¹-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R⁴¹-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R⁴¹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

R⁴¹ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —S(O)₂CHCH₂, —NHS(O)₂CHCH₂, R⁴²-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R⁴²-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R⁴²-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R⁴²-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R⁴²-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R⁴²-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

R⁴² is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —S(O)₂CHCH₂, —NHS(O)₂CHCH₂, R⁴³-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R⁴³-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R⁴³-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R⁴³-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R⁴³-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R⁴³-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R⁷ and R⁸ are joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R⁷ and R⁸ may be joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R⁷ and R⁸ may be joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. R⁷ and R⁸ may be joined together to form a substituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. R⁷ and R⁸ may be joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl. R⁷ and R⁸ may be joined together to form a substituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl. R⁷ and R⁸ may be joined together to form an R³⁸-substituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein R³⁸ is as described herein above. R⁷ and R⁸ may be joined together to form an R³⁸-substituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein R³⁸ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. R⁷ and R⁸ may be joined together to form an R³⁸-substituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein R³⁸ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl. R⁷ and R⁸ may be joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl. R⁷ and R⁸ may be joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl.

In embodiments, R⁹ is independently hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R⁴⁴-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R⁴⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R⁴⁴-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R⁴⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R⁴⁴-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R⁴⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

R⁴⁴ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R⁴⁵-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R⁴⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R⁴⁵-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R⁴⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R⁴⁵-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R⁴⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

R⁴⁵ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, R⁴⁶-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R⁴⁶-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R⁴⁶-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R⁴⁶-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R⁴⁶-substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R⁴⁶-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

Each R²², R²⁵, R²⁸, R³¹, R³⁴, R³⁷, R⁴⁰, R⁴³, R⁴⁶, and R⁴⁹ is independently oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has the formula:

The compound of formula (I) or formula (II), including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, provided herein, may include a protonated nitrogen cation. The of formula (I) or formula (II), including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, provided herein, may include a plurality of protonated nitrogen cations.

In embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has the formula:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has the formula:

In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1276, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1277, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1278, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1279, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1280, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1281, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1282, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1283, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1284, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1285, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1286, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1287, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1288, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula (1289). In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1501, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1501p, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1502, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 1502p, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula XNHS, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula XNH6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula XNH6p, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula XNH7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula XNH7p, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula XNH9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula XNH9p, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula XNH10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula XNH10p, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula XNH12, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula XNH12p, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The compound of formula (I) may be provided as a component of a pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition may include a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Thus, in embodiments, the method includes administering the compound of formula (I) to treat cancer in the subject. In embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition includes a second active agent (e.g. anti-cancer agent).

Also provided herein are compositions having the formula:

In the compound of formula (III), R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, _NH₂, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, or unsubstituted alkyl. In the compound of formula (IV), R⁵¹ is hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NR^(51A)R^(51B), —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl, or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) are independently hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted (e.g. unsubstituted) alkyl (e.g. C₁-C₁₀ alkyl). In the compound of formula (V), R⁵² is halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, or unsubstituted alkyl. The symbols z1 and z2 are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. The compounds of formula (III), (IV), or (V) include pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In embodiments, the compounds of formula (III), (IV), or (V) include a protonated nitrogen cation. In embodiments, the compounds of formula (III), (IV), or (V) include two or more protonated nitrogen cations.

In embodiments, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂. R⁵⁰ may be hydrogen, halogen, —CF₃, —NH₂, or —CONH₂. R⁵⁰ may be hydrogen, halogen, or unsubstituted alkyl. R⁵⁰ may be hydrogen or unsubstituted alkyl. R⁵⁰ may be hydrogen or C₁-C₅ unsubstituted alkyl. R⁵⁰ may be unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. R⁵⁰ may be hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl. R⁵⁰ may be methyl, ethyl, or propyl. The symbol zl may be 0, 1, or 2. The symbol z1 may be 1 or 2.

In embodiments, R⁵¹ is hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂. In embodiments, R⁵¹ is hydrogen, unsubstituted alkyl, or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R⁵¹ is unsubstituted alkyl, or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. R⁵¹ may be hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, or unsubstituted alkyl. R⁵¹ may be hydrogen, —CH₂COOH, unsubstituted alkyl or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. R⁵¹ may be —CH₂COOH, unsubstituted alkyl or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. R⁵¹ may be hydrogen, —CH₂COOH, unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. R⁵¹ may be —CH₂COOH, unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. R⁵¹ may be hydrogen. R⁵¹ may be —CH₂COOH. In embodiments, R⁵¹ is not hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁵¹ is not —CH₂COOH.

R⁵¹ may be unsubstituted alkyl. R⁵¹ may be hydrogen or unsubstituted alkyl. R⁵¹ may be hydrogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. R⁵¹ may be unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. R⁵¹ may be hydrogen or methyl, ethyl or propyl. R⁵¹ may be methyl, ethyl, or propyl. R⁵¹ may be unsubstituted heteroalkyl. R⁵¹ may be hydrogen or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. R⁵¹ may be hydrogen or 2 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. R⁵¹ may be 2 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. The symbol z2 may be 0, 1, or 2.

R^(51A) and R^(51B) may be hydrogen. In embodiments, at least one of R^(51A) and R^(51B) is not hydrogen. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be unsubstituted alkyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be hydrogen or methyl, ethyl or propyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be methyl, ethyl or propyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be hydrogen or methyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may be methyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be hydrogen or unsubstituted ethyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may be unsubstituted ethyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may independently be hydrogen or unsubstituted propyl. R^(51A) and R^(51B) may be unsubstituted propyl. Where either or both of ^(R5) and R^(51B) are substituted alkyl, they may be independently substituted with oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R⁵² is halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂. In embodiments, R⁵² is unsubstituted alkyl. R⁵² may be unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. R⁵² may be methyl, ethyl, or propyl. R⁵² may be methyl. R⁵² may be ethyl. R⁵² may be propyl. In embodiments, R⁵² is a linear (e.g. unbranched) alkyl. In embodiments, R⁵² is not a branched alkyl.

In embodiments, the compound of formula (III), (IV), or (V) has the formula:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof

In embodiments, the compound of formula (III), (IV), or (V) has the formula:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof

In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-6NC1, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-1NH1, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-6NNC6, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-6NNC7, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-1NH2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-6NC2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

The compounds described herein may be provided as a pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition may include a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient as described herein. In embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition includes at least one additional active agent, such as, for example, an anti-cancer agent described herein. In embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition includes one or more of the compounds described herein, e.g. formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), or (V) including embodiments thereof.

II. METHODS OF TREATMENT 1. Methods of Treating Cancer

The compounds described herein are useful methods of treating cancer. Such methods include administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having formula (III), (IV), or (V), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-6NC1, 5IN-1NH1, 5IN-1NH1s, 5IN-6NNC6, 5IN-6NNC7, 5IN-1NH2, or 5IN-6NC2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-6NC1 including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-1NH1 including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-1NH1s. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-6NNC6 including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-6NNC7 including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-1NH2 including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-6NC2 including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The cancer may be, for example, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, sarcoma, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, myeloma, thyroid cancer, or prostate cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, or melanoma. The cancer may be lung cancer. The cancer may be breast cancer. The cancer may be ovarian cancer. The cancer may be prostate cancer. The cancer may be melanoma. The cancer may be leukemia.

2. Methods of Treating FLT3-AML

Also provided herein are methods of treating acute myeloid leukemia expressing FLT3-kinase in a subject in need thereof. In one aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (I), including embodiments thereof. In the compound of formula (I), L, R¹ R², R³ are as described herein, including embodiments thereof. In embodiments, the compound has formula (1289).

In another aspect, is a method of treating acute myeloid leukemia expressing FLT3-kinase in a subject in need thereof by administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (II), (III), or (IV), as described herein, including embodiments thereof. In embodiments, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In another aspect, is a method of treating acute myeloid leukemia expressing FLT3-kinase in a subject in need thereof by administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (1289), (5IN-6NC1), (5IN-1NH1), (5IN-1NH1s), (5IN-6NNC6), (5IN-6NNC7), (5IN-1NH2), or (5IN-6NC2)—including embodiments thereof.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula (5IN-1NH1) or (5IN-1NH1s). In embodiments, the compound has the formula (1289).

In embodiments, the compound of formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), or (V), including embodiments thereof is administered as a pharmaceutical composition. Thus, in embodiments, the compound of formula (III), (IV), or (V), including embodiments thereof, is administered as a pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition is as described herein and may include a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In embodiments of the methods described herein, the compounds described herein are co-administered with a second active agent. In embodiments, the second active agent is a second compound having the formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), or (V) as described herein, including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The second compound may be administered at a therapeutically effective amount to the subject in need thereof. In embodiments, the second active agent is an effective amount of an anti-cancer agent. Thus, in embodiments, the compound is co-administered with an effective amount of an anti-cancer agent. In embodiments, the anti-cancer agent is a chemotherapeutic agent (e.g. a chemical composition or compound having antineoplastic properties or the ability to inhibit the growth or proliferation of cells).

In embodiments of the methods described herein, the FLT3-kinase may be a FLT3-wildtype kinase (i.e. a FLT kinase having SEQ ID NO:1, or a functional fragment thereof), or a FLT3-mutant kinase. The FLT3-kinase may be a FLT3-mutant kinase. In embodiments, the FLT3-mutant kinase is a FLT3-TKD mutant kinase and includes a mutation at an amino acid residue position corresponding to D835, I836, D839, S840, N841, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein. Thus, FLT3-TKD mutant kinase may include a mutation at an amino acid residue position corresponding to D835 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein. The FLT3-TKD mutant kinase may include a mutation at an amino acid residue position corresponding to I836 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein. The FLT3-TKD mutant kinase may include a mutation at an amino acid residue position corresponding to D839 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein. The FLT3-TKD mutant kinase may include a mutation at an amino acid residue position corresponding to S840 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein. The FLT3-TKD mutant kinase may include a mutation at an amino acid residue position corresponding to N841 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein. The FLT3-TKD mutant kinase may include a mutation at an amino acid residue position corresponding to Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein. In embodiments, the FLT3-TKD mutant kinase includes at least two mutations of the amino acid residues corresponding to positions D835, I836, D839, S840, N841, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein. In embodiments, the FLT3-TKD mutant kinase includes at least three mutations of the amino acid residues corresponding to positions D835, I836, D839, S840, N841, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein. In embodiments, the FLT3-TKD mutant kinase includes at least four mutations of the amino acid residues corresponding to positions D835, I836, D839, S840, N841, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein. In embodiments, the FLT3-TKD mutant kinase includes at least five mutations of the amino acid residues corresponding to positions D835, I836, D839, S840, N841, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein. In embodiments, the FLT3-TKD mutant kinase includes mutation of each amino acid residue corresponding to positions D835, I836, D839, S840, N841, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein.

In embodiments, the FLT3-TKD mutant kinase includes at least one mutation at an amino acid residue position corresponding to D835, D839, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1. In embodiments, the FLT3-TKD mutant kinase includes at least two mutations at amino acid residue positions corresponding to D835, D839, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1. In embodiments, the FLT3-TKD mutant kinase includes mutation at amino acid residue positions corresponding to D835, D839, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1.

In embodiments, the FLT3-TKD mutant kinase includes a D835Y, D835H, D835V or D835E mutation at the residue corresponding to D835 of SEQ ID NO:1. In embodiments, the FLT3-TKD mutant kinase includes deletion of the residue corresponding to D835. In embodiments, the FLT3-TKD mutant kinase includes a I836L or I836M mutation at the residue corresponding to I836 of SEQ ID NO:1. In embodiments, the FLT3-TKD mutant kinase includes deletion of the residue corresponding to I836. In embodiments, the FLT3-TKD mutant kinase includes a D839G mutation at the residue corresponding to D839 of SEQ ID NO:1.

In embodiments, the FLT3-mutant kinase is a FLT3-ITD mutant kinase as described herein. In embodiments, the FLT3-ITD mutant kinase includes at least one mutation of the residues corresponding to positions D835, I836, D839, S840, N841, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1 (i.e. the FLT3-mutant kinase is a FLT3-ITD-TKD mutant kinase) as described herein. The FLT3-ITD mutant kinase may include at least two mutations of the residues corresponding to positions D835, I836, D839, S840, N841, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein. In embodiments, the FLT3-ITD mutant kinase includes at least one mutation of the residues corresponding to positions D835, D839, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1 (i.e. the FLT3-mutant kinase is a FLT3-ITD-TKD mutant kinase) as described herein. The FLT3-ITD mutant kinase may include at least two mutations of the residues corresponding to positions D835, D839, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein. The FLT-ITD may include mutation of the residues corresponding to position D835, D839, and Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1 as described herein.

In embodiments, the FLT3-mutant kinase is tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistant (activity and/or expression of the FLT3-mutant kinase is not sufficiently inhibited by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor thereby imparting resistance to a tyrosine kinase inhibitor). The tyrosine kinase inhibitor may be as described herein, including embodiments thereof. In embodiments, the FLT3-mutant kinase is AC220 drug resistant. In embodiments, the AC220 drug resistant FLT3-mutant kinase is FLT3-ITD mutant kinase.

Also provided herein are methods of treating acute myeloid leukemia expressing FLT3-mutant kinase, wherein the FLT3-mutant kinase is a FLT3-TKD mutant kinase as described herein in a subject in need thereof. In one aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (I), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof (e.g. formula (II) and embodiments thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof). In another aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (III), (IV), or (V) including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Also provided herein are methods of treating acute myeloid leukemia expressing FLT3-mutant kinase, wherein the FLT3-mutant kinase is a FLT3-ITD mutant kinase as described herein in a subject in need thereof. In one aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (I), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof (e.g. formula (II) and embodiments thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof). In another aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula (III), (IV), or (V) including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

FLT3, AML, ITD, FLT3-TKD mutant kinase, and FLT3-ITD mutant kinase are as described herein, including embodiments thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula (III), (IV), or (V), as described herein, including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may be a compound of formula (1289), 5IN-6NC1, 5IN-1NH1, 5IN-6NNC6, 5IN-6NNC7, 5IN-1NH2, or 5IN-6NC2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In embodiments, the compound has the formula 5IN-1NH1 or 5IN-1NH1s as described herein. The compound may have the formula (1289). The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NC1, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-1NH1, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-1NH1. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NNC6, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NNC7, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-1NH2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NC2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof

3. Methods of Treating ALL

Also provided herein are methods of treating acute lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), which expresses FLT3-kinase, in a subject in need thereof. In one aspect method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having formula (I) or (II), including embodiments thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In another aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having formula (III), (IV), or (V) as described herein including embodiments thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The ALL may be precursor B-cell ALL or T-cell ALL as described herein. FLT3-kinase is as described herein, including embodiments thereof. Thus the FLT3-kinase may be a FLT3-mutant kinase (e.g. FLT3-ITD mutant kinase or FLT3-TKD mutant kinase). The compound may be a compound of formula (1289), 5IN-6NC1, 5IN-1NH1, 5IN-6NNC6, 5IN-6NNC7, 5IN-1NH2, or 5IN-6NC2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula (1289), including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NC1, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-1NH1, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula SIN-1NH1s. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NNC6, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NNC7, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-1NH2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NC2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

4. Methods of Treating CML

Also provided herein are methods of treating chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) expressing ABL1-kinase. In one aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having formula (III), (IV), or (V), including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and embodiments thereof. In yet another aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a compound having formula 5IN-1NH1 or 5IN-1NH1s. In embodiments, the ABL1-kinase is a ABL1-mutant kinase. The mutant-ABL1 kinase may have a mutation of an amino acid residue as described herein (e.g. a mutation within SEQ ID NO:2). In embodiments, the ABL1-mutant kinase is a BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase has a mutation of an amino acid residue within SEQ ID NO:3. In embodiments, the mutation is of an amino acid corresponding to residue Y253, E255, V268, V270, T272, Y274, D276, T277, M278, E282, F283, A288, M290, K291, E292, I293, P296, L298, V299, Q300, G303, V304, C305, T306, F311, I314, T315, E316, F317, M318, Y320, G321, D325, Y326, L327, R328, E329, Q333, E334, A337, V339, L342, M343, A344, I347, A350, M351, E352, E355, K357, N358, F359, I360, L364, E373, N374, K378, V379, A380, D381, F382, T389, T392, T394, A395, H396, A399, P402, or T406 of SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3.

In embodiments, the mutation is a D233H, T243S, M244V, L248V, G249D, G250E, G251S, Q252H, Y253(F/H), E255(K/V), V256L, Y257(F/R), F259S, K262E, D263G, K264R, S265R, V268A, V270A, T272A, Y274(C/R), D276N, T277P, M278K, E282G, F283S, A288(T/V), M290T, K291R, E292G, I293T, P296S, L298(M/P), V299L, Q300R, G303E, V304(A/D), C305(S/Y), T306A, F311L, I314V, T315(A/I), E316G, F317(I/L/V), M318T, Y320(C/H), G321E, D325H, Y326C, L327P, R328K, E329V, Q333L, A337V, V339G, L342E, M343(V/T), A344(T/V), I347V, A350T, M351T, E352(A/K), E355G, K357E, N358(D/S), F359(C/I/V), I360(K/T), L364H, E373K, N374D, K378R, V379I, A380(T/V), D381G, F382L, T389S, T392A, T394A, A395G, H396(K/R/P), A399G, P402T or T406A mutation corresponding to residue numbers in SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3. In embodiments, the mutation is a G250E, Q252H, Y253H, E255(K/V), V299L, T315(A/I), F317(I/LN), M351T, F359(C/I/V), or H396R mutation corresponding to residue numbers in SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3. In embodiments, the mutation is a Y253H, E255(K/V), V299L, T315(A/I), F317(I/LN), or F359(C/I/V) mutation corresponding to residue numbers in SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3. In embodiments, the mutations is a T315(A/I) mutation corresponding to residue numbers in SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3. In embodiments, the mutation is a T315I mutation.

In embodiments, the BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase is tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistant (i.e. activity and/or expression of the ABL1 kinase or BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase is not inhibited by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor). The tyrosine kinase inhibitor may be as described herein, including embodiments thereof. In embodiments, the ABL1 kinase or BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase is imatinib drug resistant (e.g. a BCR-ABL1 mutant having a mutation (e.g. a T315I mutation) that has activity in the presence of imatinib).

The compound of formula (III), (IV), or (V) is as described as set forth above and described in the compositions section. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NC1, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-1NH1, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-1NH1s. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NNC6, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NNC7, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-1NH2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NC2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

III. METHODS OF MODULATING FLT3-KINASE ACTIVITY

Provided herein are methods of modulating activity of a FLT3-kinase. In one aspect, the method includes contacting a FLT3-kinase with a compound having formula (I), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In another aspect, the method includes contacting a FLT3-kinase with a compound having formula (III), (IV), or (V), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof

In embodiments, the activity of FLT3-kinase is decreased (e.g. inhibited) after contacting the FLT3-kinase with a compound described herein (e.g. formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), or (V), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof). The compound may be a compound of formula (1289), 5IN-6NC1, 5IN-1NH1, 5IN-1NH1s, 5IN-6NNC6, 5IN-6NNC7, 5IN-1NH2, or 5IN-6NC2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula (1289), including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NC1, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-1NH1, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-1NH1s. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NNC6, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NNC7, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-1NH2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NC2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The FLT3-kinase may be a FLT3-mutant kinase, as described herein, including embodiments thereof (e.g. a FLT3-TKD mutant kinase or FLT3-ITD mutant kinase, as described herein, including embodiments thereof).

IV. METHODS OF MODULATING TYPE III RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES

Provided herein are methods of modulating activity of a type III receptor tyrosine kinase. In one aspect, the method includes contacting a type III receptor tyrosine kinase with a compound having formula (III), (IV), or (V), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In another aspect, the method includes contacting a type III receptor tyrosine kinase with a compound having formula (I) or (II), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof

The type III receptor tyrosine kinase may be FLT3 (including FLT3-mutant kinases described herein such as, for example, a FLT3-TKD mutant kinase or FLT3-ITD mutant kinase), c-Kit, FMS, PDGFRα, or PDGFRβ.

In embodiments, the activity of type III receptor tyrosine kinase is decreased (e.g. inhibited) after contacting the type III receptor tyrosine kinase with a compound described herein (e.g. formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), or (V), including embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof). The compound may be a compound of formula (1289), 5IN-6NC1, 5IN-1NH1, 5IN-1NH1s, 5IN-6NNC6, 5IN-6NNC7, 5IN-1NH2, or 5IN-6NC2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula (1289), including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NC1, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-1NH1, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-1NH1s. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NNC6, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NNC7, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-1NH2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compound may have the formula 5IN-6NC2, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof

V. EXAMPLES: 1. Example 1

FLT3-internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations in juxtamembrane domain are detected in approximately 25% of AML patients. In addition, point mutations are observed in approximately 5%-10% of AML patients. Among these point mutations, the FLT3-D835Y mutation is predominant. The ITD mutation constitutively activates FLT3 and is associated with poor outcomes and higher relapse rate of AML in patients. FLT3 is also applicable to B-precursor cell acute lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and T-cell ALL.

Formula (1289) [i.e., compound (1289)], a 5-bromo indirubin derivative, possesses potent tyrosine kinase inhibition activities. In particular, compound (1289) is potent against AML cell lines that are driven by FLT3 receptor kinase and mutant forms of FLT3 receptor kinases. It was discovered, inter alia, that compound (1289) possesses potent antitumor activities in MV4-11 and MOLM13 AML cells that harbor fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3)-ITD mutations. This ITD mutation is believed to be a driver of this specific form of refractory AML. In addition, it was discovered, inter alia, that compound (1289) inhibits FLT3, FLT3-ITD mutant kinase, D835Y mutant FLT3-kinase activities in vitro. See FIGS. 6A-6B and FIGS. 7A-7B. Indeed, compound (1289) shows efficacy in vivo using MV4-11 AML SQ xenografts. See FIGS. 9A-9C. These findings suggest that 5-bromo indirubin derivatives (5-BIRDs), including compound (1289), are promising molecularly targeted therapeutic agents for treating AML and, more specifically, patients with FLT3 mutated AML-based cancers.

Compound (1289) showed strong antitumor activities against MV4-11 and MOLM13 AML cells with IC₅₀=1.8 nM and 2.3 nM, respectively. Compound (1289) was found to inhibit FLT3, FLT-ITD mutant, and D835Y mutant FLT3-kinase activities in vitro. Indeed, the compound potently inhibits these kinase activities in vitro with IC₅₀=0.68 nM, 0.56 nM and <0.5 nM, respectively. Furthermore, it was discovered, inter alia, that compound (1289) blocked phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and Erk1/2 in FLT-ITD mutated AML cells, suggesting that compound (1289) inhibits multiple FLT3 downstream signaling pathways such as STAT5 and MAPK/ERK. These results are well correlated with reduction of AML cell viability. Accordingly, compound (1289) could be used as a molecularly targeted agent for FLT3 and FLT3 mutant-based cancers.

2. Example 2

Compound (1289) inhibits activities of FMS, PDGFR α, PDGFR β and c-KIT in vitro. See Table 1. The kinase assays were performed with recombinant FMS, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ and c-KIT proteins. Briefly, proteins, freshly prepared substrates and ³³P-ATP (specific activity 0.01 μCi/μl final) were mixed in reaction buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EGTA, 0.02% Brij35, 0.02 mg/ml BSA, 0.1 mM Na₃VO₄, 2 mM DTT) in the presence of DMSO as control or compound (1289). The mixtures were reacted for 120 min at room temperature. Samples were transferred onto P81 ion exchange paper and filters were extensively washed with 0.75% phosphoric acid. The radioactivities were monitored.

TABLE 1 IC₅₀ values for compound (1289) for class III receptor tyrosine kinase family members in vitro. Class III Receptor Tyrosine Kinase IC₅₀ (nM) FMS 7.6 PDGFR α 13.6 PDGFR β 1.2 c-KIT 47.7

3. Example 3

To a stirred solution of starting material (SM) (23 mg, 0.05 mmol) in DMF (0.6 mL) were added 40% MeNH₂ (20 equiv). After 60 h at room temperature, water was added and the solid was filtered to give the product 5IN-1NH1 (17.4 mg, 84%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ11.71 (b, 1H), 10.88 (b, 1H), 8.84 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.28 (dd, J=2.0, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.09-7.01 (m, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.05 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ170.9, 151.8, 145.8, 145.5, 138.0, 133.4, 128.8, 128.6, 125.7, 124.9, 122.4, 116.6, 112.9, 112.5, 111.0, 99.2, 76.8, 50.5, 36.7; HRMS C₁₉H₁₇BrN₄O₂ [M+H]⁺ calc'd 413.0608, found. 413.0604.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ11.71 (b, 1H), 10.95 (b, 1H), 8.90 (b, 2H), 8.76 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.30 (dd, J=2.0, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.01-7.09 (m, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.60-3.50 (m, 2H), 2.66 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ170.9, 152.9, 146.1, 145.1, 138.2, 133.8, 129.7, 128.9, 125.9, 124.8, 122.3, 116.4, 112.9, 112.6, 111.2, 99.8, 72.4, 47.3, 33.4.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ11.71 (b, 1H), 10.88 (b, 1H), 8.83 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.28 (dd, J=2.0, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.09-7.01 (m, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.40-3.30 (m, 4H), 2.87 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 1.50-1.40 (m, 4H), 1.40-1.30 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ170.9, 151.8, 145.8, 145.4, 138.0, 133.4, 128.7, 128.6, 125.7, 124.9, 122.4, 116.6, 112.9, 112.6, 111.0, 99.2, 75.1, 57.6, 54.8, 26.1, 24.3; HRMS C₂₃H₂₃BrN₄O₂ [M+H]⁺ calc'd 467.1077, found. 467.1080.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ11.71 (b, 1H), 10.88 (b, 1H), 8.84 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.28 (dd, J=2.0, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.09-7.01 (m, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.00 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ170.9, 151.8, 145.8, 145.5, 138.0, 133.4, 128.8, 128.6, 125.7, 124.9, 122.4, 116.6, 112.9, 112.5, 111.0, 99.2, 76.9, 48.1, 43.9, 15.4; HRMS C₂₀H₁₉BrN₄O₂ [M+H]⁺ calc'd 427.0764, found. 427.0754

4. Example 4:

The kinase assays were performed with recombinant proteins. Briefly, proteins, freshly prepared substrates and ³³P-ATP (specific activity 0.01 μCi/μl final) were mixed in reaction buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EGTA, 0.02% Brij35, 0.02 mg/ml BSA, 0.1 mM Na₃VO₄, 2 mM DTT) in the presence of DMSO as control or 5IN-1NH1s. The mixtures were reacted for 120 min at room temperature. Samples were transferred onto P81 ion exchange paper and filters were extensively washed with 0.75% phosphoric acid. The radioactivities were monitored. IC₅₀ values were determined using GraphPad Prism software.

TABLE 2 Kinase profiling in vitro for 5IN-1NH1s. Kinase IC₅₀ (nM) ABL1 434 ABL1 (T315I) 3400 AKT1 327 Aurora A 217 BRAF 7410 c-MET >10 c-Src 13.8 CDK2/cyclin A 1.08 EGFR >10 GSK3β 1.18 IGF1R 31.8 JAK2 169 KDR/vEGFR2 245 Mtor/frap1 >10

5. Example 5

The kinase assays were performed with recombinant class III receptor tyrosine kinase family proteins. Briefly, proteins, freshly prepared substrates and ³³P-ATP (specific activity 0.01 μCi/μl final) were mixed in reaction buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EGTA, 0.02% Brij35, 0.02 mg/ml BSA, 0.1 mM Na₃VO₄, 2 mM DTT) in the presence of DMSO as control or 5IN-1NH1s. The mixtures were reacted for 120 min at room temperature. Samples were transferred onto P81 ion exchange paper and filters were extensively washed with 0.75% phosphoric acid. The radioactivities were monitored. IC₅₀ values were determined using GraphPad Prism software. Compound 5IN-1NHls selectively inhibits FLT3 and mutated FLT3 kinases.

TABLE 3 In vitro effects of 5IN-1NH1s on class III receptor tyrosine kinase family. Kinase IC₅₀ (nM) FLT3 1.39 FLT3 (D835Y) <0.5 FLT3 (ITD) 1.09 c-Kit 321 FMS 16 PDGFR α 72.2 PDGFR β 9.1

6. Example 6

It was discovered and disclosed herein that compounds 5IN-1NH1 and 5IN-1NH1s display considerable potency against T315I ABL1 mutant KCL22 CML cells. See FIG. 5B. In fact, 5IN-1NH1 is around 10-fold more potent against T315I KCL22 CML cells than compound (1289). Current and second generation CML drugs (e.g. imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib) cannot inhibit T315I mutant ABL1 protein and thus, do not kill this mutant CML cells. Thus, these current therapies are ineffective at treating CML. Thus compounds 5IN-1NH1 and 5IN-1NH2 represent a new class of therapies for the treatment of CML having mutated ABL1 protein.

7. Example 7

MTS assays were performed for cell viability. Human cancer cells were seeded in 96-well plates (2500 cells/well for solid tumors, 5000 cells/well for blood tumors), incubated overnight at 37° C. in 5% CO₂, and exposed to 5IN-1NH1 or 5IN-1NHls in a dose-dependent manner for 48 h. See FIGS. 1A-1B , 2A-2B, 3, 4A-4B, and 6A-6B. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the vehicle control. Viable cell numbers were determined by tetrazolium conversion to its formazan dye and absorbance was measured at 490 nm using an automated ELISA plate reader. Each experiment was performed in quadruplicate. IC₅₀ values were determined using CalcuSyn software (BIOSOFT®, Cambridge GB).

Human DU145 prostate cancer, A2058 melanoma, SKOV3 ovarian cancer and T315I ABL1 mutant KCL22 CML cells were seeded in 96-well plates (2500 cells/well for solid tumors, 5000 cells/well for blood tumors), incubated overnight at 37° C. in 5% CO₂, and exposed to 5IN-6NC1, 5IN-1NH1, 5IN-6NNC6, or 5IN-6NNC7 in a dose-dependent manner for 48 h. See FIG. 5B. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the vehicle control. Viable cell numbers were determined by tetrazolium conversion to its formazan dye and absorbance was measured at 490 nm using an automated ELISA plate reader. Each experiment was performed in quadruplicate. IC₅₀ values were determined using CalcuSyn software.

MTS assays were performed for cell viability; human A2058 melanoma (FIG. 7A) and DU145 prostate cancer (FIG. 7B) cancer cells (2500/well) were seeded in 96-well plates, incubated overnight at 37° C. in 5% (v/v) CO₂ and exposed to 5IN-1NH2 and 5IN-6NC2 at 0.25 uM or 1 uM concentration for 48 h. See FIGS. 7A-7B. DMSO was used as the vehicle control; cell viability was determined by tetrazolium conversion to its formazan dye and absorbance was measured at 490 nm using an automated ELISA plate reader; each experiment was performed in quadruplicate.

Compound (1289) inhibits viabilities of MV4-11 and MOLM13 AML cells that harbor an internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation. MTS assays were performed for cell viability. Human MV4-11 and MOLM13 AML cells (5000/well) were seeded in 96-well plates, incubated overnight at 37° C. in 5% CO₂, and exposed to compound (1289) in a dose-dependent manner for 48 h. See FIG. 8. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the vehicle control. Viable cell numbers were determined by tetrazolium conversion to its formazan dye and absorbance was measured at 490 nm using an automated ELISA plate reader. Each experiment was performed in quadruplicate. IC₅₀ values were determined using CalcuSyn software.

Kinase assays were performed with recombinant FLT3, mutated FLT3-ITD and D835I mutant FLT3 kinases. See FIGS. 9A-9C. Briefly, proteins, freshly prepared substrates and ³³P-ATP (specific activity 0.01 μCi/μl final) were mixed in reaction buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EGTA, 0.02% Brij35, 0.02 mg/ml BSA, 0.1 mM Na₃VO₄, 2 mM DTT) in the presence of DMSO as control or compound (1289). The mixtures were reacted for 120 min at room temperature. Samples were transferred onto P81 ion exchange paper and filters were extensively washed with 0.75% phosphoric acid. The radioactivities were monitored. IC₅₀ values were determined using GraphPad Prism software.

Western blot analyses were performed with specific antibodies. Briefly, human MV4-11 and MOLM13 AML cells were treated with compound (1289) in a dose-dependent manner for 4h. See FIGS. 10A-10B. Whole-cell lysates (40 ug) were resolved by SDS-PAGE. Primary phospho-specific antibodies to p-Stat5 and p-Erk1/3 were diluted in TBS (pH 7.5) with 5% (w/v) BSA and 0.1% (v/v) Tween-20 over night at 4° C. Primary specific antibodies to Stat5 and Erk1/3 were diluted in PBS (pH 7.5) with 5% (w/v) nonfat milk and 0.1% (v/v) Tween-20 overnight at 4° C. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies were incubated in PBS (pH 7.5) with 5% (w/v) nonfat milk and 0.1% (v/v) Tween-20 for 1 h at room temperature. Positive immuno-reactive proteins were detected using the ECL system.

Human MV4-11 AML cells (5×10⁶) were resuspended in serum-free RPMI1640 medium and subcutaneously injected into the flank of 5-6 weeks old NOD/SCID/ IL-2rg(ko) (NSG) female mouse. When palpable tumor sizes reached at approximately 100 mm³, mice were randomly divided into two groups (vehicle =7, treatment =7). Then, compound (1289) was orally administered at 25 mg/kg with vehicle (10% DMSO +30% SOLUTOL® +60% Saline), twice daily for 18 days. See FIGS. 11A-11B. Tumor volumes were calculated by the formula 1/2a×b², where a is the long diameter, and b is the short diameter. Tumor volumes correlate with tumor weights. The statistical significance of group differences was analyzed using a Student's t-test with the two-tailed distribution. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

VI. EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments disclosed herein include the following.

Embodiment 1. A compound having formula:

wherein R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, or unsubstituted alkyl; R⁵¹ is hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NR^(51A)R^(51B), —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl, or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; R^(51A) and R^(51B) are independently hydrogen or unsubstituted alkyl; R⁵² is halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, or unsubstituted alkyl; z1 and z2 are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Embodiment 2. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R⁵⁰ is hydrogen or unsubstituted alkyl.

Embodiment 3. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 2, wherein R⁵⁰ is hydrogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 4. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl.

Embodiment 5. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein zl is 1 or 2.

Embodiment 6. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein R⁵¹ is hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, or unsubstituted alkyl.

Embodiment 7. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein R⁵¹ is —CH₂COOH, unsubstituted alkyl or unsubstituted heteroalkyl.

Embodiment 8. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein R⁵¹ is —CH₂COOH, unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl.

Embodiment 9. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein z2 is 0, 1, or 2.

Embodiment 10. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein R⁵² is halogen, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, or unsubstituted alkyl.

Embodiment 11. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein R⁵² is unsubstituted alkyl.

Embodiment 12. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein R⁵² is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 13. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein R⁵² is —NR^(51A)R^(51B), wherein R^(51A) and R^(51B) are independently unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 14. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein said compound has the formula:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Embodiment 15. A method of treating cancer, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of one of embodiments 1 to 14.

Embodiment 16. The method of embodiment 15, wherein said compound has the formula:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof

Embodiment 17. The method of any one of embodiments 15 to 16, wherein said cancer is cancer is lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, sarcoma, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, myeloma, thyroid cancer, or prostate cancer.

Embodiment 16. The method of any one of embodiments 15 to 17, further comprising co-administering an effective amount of an anti-cancer agent.

Embodiment 19. A method of treating CML expressing an ABL1-kinase, said method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of one of embodiments 1 to 14.

Embodiment 20. The method of embodiment 19, wherein said ABL1-kinase is a ABL1 mutant-kinase.

Embodiment 21. The method of any one of embodiments 19 to 20, wherein said ABL1 mutant-kinase is a BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase.

Embodiment 22. The method of embodiment 21, wherein said BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase comprises a mutation of an amino acid residue corresponding to Y253, E255, V268, V270, T272, Y274, D276, T277, M278, E282, F283, A288, M290, K291, E292, I293, P296, L298, V299, Q300, G303, V304, C305, T306, F311, I314, T315, E316, F317, M318, Y320, G321, D325, Y326, L327, R328, E329, Q333, E334, A337, V339, L342, M343, A344, I347, A350, M351, E352, E355, K357, N358, F359, 1360, L364, E373, N374, K378, V379, A380, D381, F382, T389, T392, T394, A395, H396, A399, P402, or T406 of SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3.

Embodiment 23. The method of embodiment 22, wherein said BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase comprises a mutation of an amino acid residue corresponding to T315 of SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3.

Embodiment 24. The method of embodiment 23, wherein said mutation is a T315I or T315A mutation.

Embodiment 25. A method of treating acute myeloid leukemia expressing a . FLT3-kinase in a subject in need thereof, said method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound having the formula:

wherein, L is a bond or substituted or unsubstituted alkylene; R¹ is hydrogen, halogen, —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CBr₃, —CI₃, —OCF₃, —OCCl₃, —OCBr₃, —OCI₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C(O)OR⁴, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —NR²R³, —OR⁴, —SR⁴, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R² and R³ are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein R² and R³ are optionally joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁴ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CBr₃, —CI₃, —OCF₃, —OCCl₃, —OCBr₃, —OC1₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR⁹, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —NR⁷R⁸, —OR⁹, —SR⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁷ and R⁸ are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, thereby treating said acute myeloid leukemia.

Embodiment 26. The method of embodiment 25, wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are hydrogen.

Embodiment 27. The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 26, wherein L is unsubstituted alkylene.

Embodiment 28. The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 27, wherein L is unsubstituted C₂ alkylene.

Embodiment 29. The method of embodiment 25, wherein L is a bond.

Embodiment 30. The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 29, wherein R¹ is halogen, —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CBr₃, —CI₃, —OCF₃, —OCCl₃, —OCBr₃, —OC1₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —C(O)OR⁴, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —NR²R³, —OR⁴, —SR⁴, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

Embodiment 31. The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 30, wherein R¹ is —NR²R³.

Embodiment 32. The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 31, wherein R² and R³ are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

Embodiment 33. The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 32, wherein R² and R³ are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.

Embodiment 34. The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 33, wherein R² and R³ are independently substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl.

Embodiment 35. The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 34, wherein R² and R³ are independently substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl.

Embodiment 36. The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 31, wherein R² and R³ are joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

Embodiment 37. The method of embodiment 36, wherein R² and R³ are joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.

Embodiment 38. The method of embodiment 37, wherein R² and R³ are joined together to form a substituted or a substituted unsubstituted C₅-C₇ heterocycloalkyl.

Embodiment 39. The method of embodiment 36, wherein R² and R³ are joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl.

Embodiment 40. The method of embodiment 36, wherein R² and R³ are joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl.

Embodiment 41. The method of embodiment 25 wherein said compound has the formula:

including pharmaceutical salts thereof.

Embodiment 42. The compound of embodiment 25 wherein said compound has the formula:

including pharmaceutical salts thereof

Embodiment 43. A method of treating acute myeloid leukemia expressing a FLT3-kinase in a subject in need thereof, said method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound according to embodiments 1 to 14, thereby treating said acute myeloid leukemia.

Embodiment 44. The method of embodiment 43, wherein said compound has the formula:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof

Embodiment 45. The method of any one of embodiments 43 to 44, wherein said compound has the formula:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Embodiment 46. The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 45, wherein said FLT3-kinase is a FLT3-mutant kinase.

Embodiment 47. The method of embodiment 46, wherein said FLT3-mutant kinase is a FLT3-TKD mutant kinase.

Embodiment 48. The method of embodiment 47, wherein said FLT3-TKD mutant kinase comprises a mutation at an amino acid residue position corresponding to D835, I836, D839, S840, N841, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1.

Embodiment 49. The method of embodiment 46, wherein said FLT3-mutant kinase comprises a FLT3-ITD mutant kinase.

Embodiment 50. The method of embodiment 49, wherein said FLT3-ITD mutant kinase further comprises a mutation at an amino acid residue position corresponding to D835, 1836, D839, S840, N841, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1.

Embodiment 51. The method of any one of embodiments 46 to 50, wherein said FLT3-mutant kinase is tyrosine kinase-inhibitor resistant.

Embodiment 52. The method of any one of embodiments 46 to 51, wherein said FLT3-mutant kinase is AC220 drug resistant.

Embodiment 53. The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 52, comprising co-administering an effective amount of an anti-cancer agent.

Embodiment 54. A method of modulating activity of a FLT3-kinase, said method comprising contacting a FLT3-kinase with a compound having formula:

wherein, L is a bond or substituted or unsubstituted alkylene; R¹ is hydrogen, halogen, —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CBr₃, —CI₃, —OCF₃, —OCCl₃, —OCBr₃, —OC1₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C(O)OR⁴, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —NR²R³, —OR⁴, —SR⁴, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R² and R³ are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein R² and R³ are optionally joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁴ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CBr₃, —CI₃, —OCF₃, —OCCl₃, —OCBr₃, —OC1₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR⁹, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —NHNH₂, —NR⁷R⁸, —OR⁹, —SR⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁷ and R⁸ are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, thereby modulating said activity of said FLT3-kinase.

Embodiment 55. A method of modulating activity of a FLT3-kinase, said method comprising contacting a FLT3-kinase with a compound according to embodiments to 14, thereby modulating said activity of said FLT3-kinase.

Embodiment 56. The method of any one of embodiments 54 to 55, wherein said

compound has the formula:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Embodiment 57. The method of any one of embodiments 54 to 56, wherein said FLT3-kinase is a FLT3-mutant kinase.

Embodiment 58. The method of embodiment 57, wherein said FLT3-mutant kinase is a FLT3-TKD mutant kinase.

Embodiment 59. The method embodiment 58, wherein said FLT3-TKD mutant kinase comprises a mutation at an amino acid residue position corresponding to D835, I836, D839, S840, N841, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1.

Embodiment 60. The method of embodiment 57, wherein said FLT3-kinase is a FLT3-ITD mutant kinase.

Embodiment 61. The method of embodiment 60, wherein said FLT3-ITD mutant kinase further comprises a mutation at an amino acid residue position corresponding to D835, I836, D839, S840, N841, or Y842 of SEQ ID NO:1.

Embodiment 62. The method of any one of embodiments 54 to 61, wherein said contacting decreases the activity of said FLT3-kinase.

Embodiment 63. The method of any one of embodiments 54 to 62, wherein said method further comprises modulating STAT signaling, STAT3, STAT5, MAP kinase signaling, or AKT signaling.

Embodiment 64. The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 63, wherein said compound is administered as a pharmaceutical composition.

Embodiment 65. The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 64, wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound having formula:

wherein R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, or unsubstituted alkyl; R⁵¹ is hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NR^(51A)R^(51B) —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl, or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; R^(51A) and R^(51B) are independently hydrogen or unsubstituted alkyl; R⁵² is halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, or unsubstituted alkyl; z1 and z2 are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁵⁰ is hydrogen or unsubstituted alkyl.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R⁵⁰ is hydrogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein z1 is 1 or
 2. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁵¹ is hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, or unsubstituted alkyl.
 7. The compound of claim 6, wherein R⁵¹ is —CH₂COOH, unsubstituted alkyl or unsubstituted heteroalkyl.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁵¹ is —CH₂COOH, unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein z2 is 0, 1, or
 2. 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁵² is halogen, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, or unsubstituted alkyl.
 11. The compound of claim 10, wherein R⁵² is unsubstituted alkyl.
 12. The compound of claim 11, wherein R⁵² is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁵² is —NR^(51A)R^(51B), wherein R^(51A) and R^(51B) are independently unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound has the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 15. A method of treating cancer, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, or unsubstituted alkyl; R⁵¹ is hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NR^(51A)R^(51B) —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl, or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; R^(51A) and R^(51B) are independently hydrogen or unsubstituted alkyl; R⁵² is halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, or unsubstituted alkyl; and z1 and z₂ are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein said cancer is lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, sarcoma, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, myeloma, thyroid cancer, or prostate cancer.
 16. A method of treating CML expressing an ABL1-kinase, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said ABL1-kinase is a ABL1 mutant-kinase.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said ABL1 mutant-kinase is a BCR-ABL1 mutant kinase. 